The Annotated Edition
Adam's Curse by W. B. Yeats
Three people gather at the end of summer — the speaker, a woman he loves, and her friend.
- Poet
- W. B. Yeats
- Composed
- 1903 · Victorian
- Core theme
- Beauty
§01Quick summary
What this poem is about
§02Themes
Recurring themes
§03Line by line
Stanza by stanza, with notes
We sat together at one summer's end / That beautiful mild woman your close friend
Editor's note
Yeats paints a vivid picture with subtle detail: a late-summer evening featuring three individuals. The woman referred to as 'you' is Maud Gonne, the love of Yeats's life. The 'beautiful mild woman' is either Maud's friend Olivia Shakespear or her sister. The relaxed, conversational start — 'We sat together' — invites us right into the room with them.
I said 'a line will take us hours maybe, / Yet if it does not seem a moment's thought
Editor's note
The speaker begins his argument about poetry: a great line should seem effortless, despite the hours spent 'stitching and unstitching' to create it. He likens the poet's effort to scrubbing floors or breaking stones—both hard, tiring tasks—and then lands the harsh punchline: society (bankers, schoolmasters, clergymen—'the martyrs call the world') views the poet as a lazy idler. The work is genuine but unseen, and that lack of visibility is the crux of the issue.
That woman then / Murmured with her young voice, for whose mild sake
Editor's note
The friend replies softly, her voice — young, gentle, and low — reflecting the beauty she describes. She states that women instinctively understand, without needing instruction, that beauty requires effort. It's a subtle yet powerful assertion: the effort women put into being beautiful is as genuine and overlooked as the poet's craft. The stanza connects the qualities of her voice ('young and mild and low') with the insight she possesses.
I said, 'It's certain there is no fine thing / Since Adam's fall but needs much labouring.
Editor's note
The speaker expands the argument to encompass everything. Since the Fall — the biblical curse on Adam to work for his sustenance — nothing worthwhile comes without effort. He focuses on love, referencing the old courtly tradition where lovers would sigh and recite poetry to one another. But he quickly undermines this notion, suggesting that such love now appears to be 'an idle trade.' The term 'idle' harkens back to his earlier criticism of poets — even the work of love can seem like idleness.
We sat grown quiet at the name of love.
Editor's note
The word 'love' brings the conversation to a halt. Yeats moves from dialogue to imagery: the fading light and a moon that appears worn and shell-like, smoothed by 'time's waters.' The moon often carries heavy symbolism in Yeats's work, but here it feels weary — worn down by time instead of glowing with enigma. This image conveys the emotions that the speakers can no longer express with words.
I had a thought for no one's but your ears; / That you were beautiful and that I strove
Editor's note
The poem's emotional heart comes through softly. The speaker shares, almost in secret, that he tried to love Maud Gonne in the traditional courtly manner — the same way he just dismissed as a pointless endeavor. And it didn't work. Both have become 'weary-hearted as that hollow moon.' The moon imagery from the previous stanza resonates here, symbolizing their relationship: once bright and full, now emptied by the passage of time and unreciprocated effort.
§04Tone & mood
How this poem feels
§05Symbols & metaphors
Symbols & metaphors
- The worn moon
- The moon shows up at the emotional turning point of the poem, depicted as a shell shaped by the passage of time. It symbolizes the speaker's love for Maud Gonne — once bright and full, but now empty and worn down by years of unreturned affection. This image serves two purposes: it's both a lovely observation of nature and a revealing admission of fatigue.
- Stitching and unstitching
- Yeats's metaphor for the revision process in poetry highlights the patient, repetitive effort involved in crafting a line that feels natural. It subtly references Penelope from the Odyssey, who wove and unwove her tapestry to stall her suitors. This imagery presents artistic labor as both noble and thankless.
- Adam's curse
- The biblical punishment following the Fall states that humans must work hard for everything. Yeats weaves together three forms of labor—poetic, aesthetic, and romantic—asserting that each is equally challenging and often misinterpreted by society. The title sets the tone for the entire poem, reflecting on the sacrifices required to seek out beauty.
- Summer's end
- The season isn't merely a backdrop — it represents endings, dwindling light, and the flow of time. The dialogue unfolds at the boundary between warmth and chill, reflecting the poem's shift from lively debate to a quiet, tired acceptance.
- The last embers of daylight
- As the conversation turns to love, the light fades. The diminishing daylight signals a transition from intellectual debate to personal confession, deepening the poem's mournful tone — something is coming to an end that can't be reclaimed.
§06Form & structure
Form & structure
- Meter
- iambic pentameter
- Rhyme
- AABB CCDDEE FFGG HHIIJJ KK LLMMNN OO PPQQRR SS TTUUVV WW
§07Historical context
Historical context
§08FAQ
Questions readers ask
Key quotes
Key quotes
“a line will take us hours maybe, Yet if it does not seem a moment's thought Our stitching and unstitching has been naught.”
“For to articulate sweet sounds together Is to work harder than all these and yet Be thought an idler by the noisy set Of bankers, schoolmasters, and clergymen The martyrs call the world.”
“we must labour to be beautiful.”
“A moon, worn as if it had been a shell Washed by time's waters as they rose and fell About the stars and broke in days and years.”
“That it had all seemed happy, and yet we'd grown As weary hearted as that hollow moon.”
Citation
Cite this poem
MLA
Yeats, W. B. "Adam's Curse." 1903. Storgy, https://storgy.com/poems/adams-curse-william-butler-yeats/.
APA
Yeats, W. B. (1903). Adam's curse. Storgy. https://storgy.com/poems/adams-curse-william-butler-yeats/
Text source: en.wikisource.org
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