What happens in Book XXII of The Odyssey?
Ulysses tosses aside his rags and declares the contest finished. He shoots Antinous in the throat just as the suitor raises a wine cup, killing him instantly. The other suitors, believing the killing was an accident, scold Ulysses. He reveals who he is and states that they will all pay for squandering his wealth, forcing his servants to be with them, and pursuing his wife. Eurymachus offers to compensate with twenty oxen for each man, along with gold and bronze, but Ulysses refuses to show mercy. Eurymachus then charges at Ulysses and is shot in the chest. Amphinomus attacks next, but Telemachus spears him from behind. Telemachus goes to get armor for himself, his father, the swineherd, and the stockman. Ulysses continues shooting suitors until he runs out of arrows, then grabs a shield and spears. The goatherd Melanthius sneaks in armor for the suitors from the storeroom. On his second trip, the swineherd and stockman catch Melanthius, tie him up, and hang him from the rafters. Minerva appears in the form of Mentor. She reprimands Ulysses, then sits on the rafters as a swallow. The suitors throw spears, but Minerva makes most of them miss. Ulysses and his men keep killing more suitors. Minerva shows her aegis, scaring the remaining suitors, who are then slaughtered. Ulysses kills the priest Leiodes despite his pleas for mercy. Telemachus spares the bard Phemius and the herald Medon. Ulysses discovers all the other suitors are dead. He calls for nurse Euryclea, who points out twelve maidservants who had misbehaved. These women clean up the bodies and blood before being hanged. Melanthius is mutilated. Ulysses purifies the house with sulfur and fire, and the loyal maidservants welcome him warmly.
Analysis
The chapter presents a swift, relentless slaughter divided into distinct phases: the killing of Antinous, the refusal of mercy, the armed battle, divine intervention, and ultimately, purification. The narrative voice holds an objective, detailed tone, depicting violence with graphic clarity—arrows piercing throats, heads rolling in dust, and brains being battered. Epic similes amplify the carnage: the suitors flee "like a herd of cattle maddened by the gadfly," while Ulysses and his men attack "as eagle-beaked, crook-taloned vultures from the mountains swoop down" on their helpless prey. Comparing the dead suitors to netted fish gasping on a beach shifts the martial triumph into a scene of pitiful helplessness. Dialogue propels the action, revealing character through speech: Eurymachus's failed negotiation, Minerva's sharp rebuke, and Ulysses's firm rejection of Leiodes's plea. The chapter's structure transitions from chaos to order—from the suitors' uproar to the methodical cleansing of blood and the ritualized executions of the disloyal servants. Ulysses curbs Euryclea's joy, stating it is "an unholy thing to vaunt over dead men," which introduces a somber tone. The final image of Ulysses surrounded by weeping, embracing servants offers an emotional counterpoint to the preceding violence.
Key quotes from Book XXII
“it is an unholy thing to vaunt over dead men. Heaven’s doom and their own evil deeds have brought these men to destruction”
Ulysses restrains Euryclea from crying out in joy over the slain suitors.
“Their feet moved convulsively for a while, but not for very long.”
The narrator describes the death of the twelve maidservants after they are hanged by nooses.
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Create an accountSign inVocabulary in Book XXII
- crook-taloned
- Having curved, hooked claws or talons like a bird of prey. Describes the bent, grasping talons characteristic of predatory birds.