Guiding Questions to Consider

• How does Santiago's connection with the marlin blur the distinction between enemy and companion?
• In what ways does Hemingway portray "victory" and "defeat" throughout Santiago's journey?
• What impact does isolation have on Santiago's self-worth and identity?
• How does the ending of the novella—Santiago's return with only the marlin's skeleton—serve as either a triumph, a tragedy, or possibly both?

Requirements

• Create a clear and debatable thesis statement
• Include at least three pieces of direct textual evidence
• Address at least one counterargument
• Maintain a formal academic tone throughout

In your essay, be sure to

• Develop a clear, arguable thesis that explores the connection between defeat and triumph in the novella.
• Analyze at least two or three key scenes or passages (e.g., Santiago's battle with the marlin, his thoughts on DiMaggio, his return to the village) to support your argument.
• Examine how Hemingway's use of literary devices — including symbolism, repetition, and the "iceberg theory" of understated prose — strengthens your interpretation.
• Consider the role of Manolin and the wider community in shaping what Santiago's struggle ultimately signifies.
• Address a counterargument: some readers argue that Santiago's loss is purely a loss. Acknowledge this perspective and explain why your interpretation is more compelling.

Length

4–6 paragraphs (or as directed by your teacher)

Format

Standard literary essay with introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion