The Annotated Edition
The Hunting of Pau-Puk-Keewis by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Hiawatha pursues the trickster Pau-Puk-Keewis through the wilderness after Pau-Puk-Keewis creates turmoil in the village.
- Core theme
- Anger
Study actions
§01Quick summary
What this poem is about
§02Themes
Recurring themes
§03Line by line
Stanza by stanza, with notes
Full of wrath was Hiawatha / When he came into the village,
Editor's note
We start right in the thick of things. Hiawatha comes back to find his village in chaos, all stirred up by Pau-Puk-Keewis's pranks and mischief. The comparison to a buzzing hornet nails his anger — it's hot, unyielding, and a touch perilous. His vow, echoed like a drumbeat throughout the poem, is that there’s no place in the world where the trickster can escape his wrath.
Then in swift pursuit departed / Hiawatha and the hunters
Editor's note
The chase begins. The hunters discover only the imprint left by Pau-Puk-Keewis in the grass — he has vanished. From a secure distance below, Pau-Puk-Keewis turns to mock them with a defiant gesture, intensifying Hiawatha's rage. Longfellow employs the repeated vow ('Not so long and wide the world is') as a refrain, building momentum and illustrating that Hiawatha's anger remains unrelenting.
Over rock and over river, / Through bush, and brake, and forest,
Editor's note
Pau-Puk-Keewis runs like an antelope until he arrives at a beaver pond. The pond is described with water lilies, swaying rushes, and sparkling water, creating a peaceful and beautiful scene that contrasts sharply with the violent chase. This moment sets the stage for Pau-Puk-Keewis's first transformation: he sweet-talks the beavers into changing him, relying on flattery and charm, just as he does with everyone else.
On the dam stood Pau-Puk-Keewis, / O'er his ankles flowed the streamlet,
Editor's note
Pau-Puk-Keewis talks to Ahmeek, the beaver king, and requests not only to become a beaver but to be the *biggest* beaver — ten times the size of the others. His pride and desire for recognition are uncontainable, even when he’s literally fleeing for his life. The beavers consent and crown him their leader, which is precisely the kind of extravagant result he always longs for.
But not long had Pau-Puk-Keewis / Sat in state among the beavers,
Editor's note
Hiawatha and his hunters show up, break the dam, and rip open the lodge. The detail that Pau-Puk-Keewis can't escape through the doorway because he is 'puffed with pride and feeding' serves as a biting moral joke: his own vanity and greed ensnare him. The hunters kill him, but his ghost — his *Jeebi* — immediately rises and escapes, as a trickster's spirit is tough to put down for good.
And it fluttered, strove, and struggled, / Waving hither, waving thither,
Editor's note
The ghost's escape is depicted with palpable energy — it writhes like a tent flap in a winter wind before reassembling itself and taking on human form once more. This moment reflects Longfellow's influence from Ojibwe oral tradition, which views the soul as a separate entity that can outlive the body. The ghost slips into the shadows of the pine trees, and the pursuit continues.
To a lake with many islands / Came the breathless Pau-Puk-Keewis,
Editor's note
Second transformation: Pau-Puk-Keewis convinces a flock of brant (a type of wild goose) to accept him as one of their own — insisting on being the largest, ten times bigger than the others. The brant caution him not to look down while flying, a common warning in folktales. Naturally, he glances down as soon as he hears Hiawatha's voice, and the wind seizes his massive wings, sending him spiraling to his demise.
But his soul, his ghost, his shadow, / Still survived as Pau-Puk-Keewis,
Editor's note
The ghost rises again, and the pursuit shifts to foot. Hiawatha almost catches him, but Pau-Puk-Keewis twists into a whirlwind, plunges into a hollow oak, and transforms into a serpent—slithering away through the roots. In a fit of rage, Hiawatha shatters the tree into splinters, but he’s missed his chance. The pace of transformations quickens here, infusing the poem with a frantic, almost humorous energy.
On the shores of Gitche Gumee, / Westward by the Big-Sea-Water,
Editor's note
Pau-Puk-Keewis arrives at the Pictured Rocks on Lake Superior, where he finds refuge within the mountain thanks to the Old Man of the Mountain, a spirit-being. Unable to break through the stone doors himself, Hiawatha calls upon lightning (Waywassimo) and thunder (Annemeekee) for help. The storm gods respond, shattering the cavern entrance, resulting in Pau-Puk-Keewis's death in his human form — the only death that truly matters.
Ended were his wild adventures, / Ended were his tricks and gambols,
Editor's note
A brief, almost ceremonial list of everything that has come to an end: the dancing, the gambling, the mischief, the wooing. It feels like a settling of scores. However, Hiawatha doesn’t merely destroy Pau-Puk-Keewis's soul — he repurposes it, turning him into Keneu, the great war-eagle, chief of birds. This act serves as both a punishment and an honor, allowing the trickster's restless energy to continue in a way that can no longer pose a threat to the village.
And the name of Pau-Puk-Keewis / Lingers still among the people,
Editor's note
The poem concludes by revealing the reason behind winter whirlwinds. When snowflakes dance around the lodges, the villagers claim that Pau-Puk-Keewis is once more dancing through their community. It's a lovely mythological conclusion: the trickster may be gone, but he lingers in memory, his wild spirit woven into the very fabric of nature. Longfellow presents the entire tale as an origin myth, imbuing it with the significance of a living tradition.
§04Tone & mood
How this poem feels
§05Symbols & metaphors
Symbols & metaphors
- Shape-shifting
- Each transformation Pau-Puk-Keewis takes on — beaver, brant, serpent — shows his unwillingness to be confined or labeled. He embodies constant change and self-creation. However, every new form also contains the seeds of his undoing, as he constantly seeks to be the biggest and strongest, making him easy to identify and impossible to conceal.
- The beaver lodge
- The lodge symbolizes a false sense of security and the perils of pride. Pau-Puk-Keewis expands so much within it that he can't break free when the hunters arrive. It physically illustrates how vanity can ensnare you — the very thing you used to inflate your ego ultimately becomes what leads to your downfall.
- Lightning and thunder (Waywassimo and Annemeekee)
- These weather events aren't merely phenomena; they're moral forces that Hiawatha can call upon due to the righteousness of his cause. They embody the belief that the natural world supports order and community in the face of the chaos brought by the unrestrained trickster.
- The war-eagle (Keneu)
- Hiawatha's final transformation of Pau-Puk-Keewis into an eagle represents a form of mythological recycling. Instead of being destroyed, the trickster's restless, soaring energy is redirected — turned into something useful and honorable. The eagle symbolizes both power and perspective, soaring above the world rather than causing disruption from within.
- Winter whirlwinds
- The snowflakes swirling around the lodges at the poem's end symbolize Pau-Puk-Keewis's enduring presence. Nature transforms into a form of memory, and the trickster persists not as a danger but as a narrative that the community shares — reflecting how oral tradition brings its most vivid characters to life.
- The repeated vow ('Not so long and wide the world is')
- Hiawatha's refrain acts like a drumbeat or a chant. Each repetition tightens the world around Pau-Puk-Keewis, making the chase seem unavoidable. It also reveals that Hiawatha's anger is not just a reaction but rooted in principle — a steadfast dedication to justice that remains consistent throughout the hunt.
§06Historical context
Historical context
§07FAQ
Questions readers ask
Who is Pau-Puk-Keewis and why is Hiawatha hunting him?
Pau-Puk-Keewis is a trickster figure — he's charming, clever, and entirely out for himself. In the cantos leading up to this one, he's created quite a mess in Hiawatha's village: losing others' belongings to gambling, inciting disputes, and generally wreaking havoc. Hiawatha is now hunting him down to restore justice for his community.
What is the meter of the poem and why does it feel so repetitive?
The poem uses trochaic tetrameter, meaning each line has eight syllables with the stress on the first syllable of each pair (DUM-da DUM-da DUM-da DUM-da). Longfellow took this structure from the Finnish epic Kalevala. This repetition is intentional; it echoes the rhythm of oral storytelling and drumming, creating a relentless, driving energy in the chase scenes.
Why can't Pau-Puk-Keewis escape through the beaver lodge doorway?
He requested to be ten times larger than all the other beavers and then spent his time indulging in food and relishing his newfound status. When Hiawatha breaks the dam and the other beavers rush through the doorway, Pau-Puk-Keewis is just too big and bloated to squeeze through. Longfellow is delivering a sharp joke: his vanity and greed are what keep him stuck.
How does Pau-Puk-Keewis keep surviving after being killed?
In Ojibwe belief, the soul, referred to as Jeebi in the poem, exists independently from the body and can continue after physical death. Whenever Pau-Puk-Keewis is killed, his ghost returns and reclaims his form. He is only truly done when he is killed in his own human form within the mountain cavern — that death carries a significance the others lack.
Why does Pau-Puk-Keewis look down during the brant flight when he was told not to?
He hears Hiawatha's voice from the village below and can't help himself—his curiosity and ego (he's eager to see how far ahead he is) take over the warning. This follows the classic folktale structure: the forbidden action that the character is bound to take. His downfall stems directly from the same impulsiveness that makes him a trickster in the first place.
Is Hiawatha based on a real historical person?
There was indeed a historical figure named Hiawatha — a Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) leader credited with helping to establish the Iroquois Confederacy, likely during the 15th or 16th century. However, Longfellow's Hiawatha is an entirely different character inspired by Ojibwe oral tradition, with little more in common than the name itself. Longfellow took this name from Schoolcraft's writings, which referred to an Ojibwe cultural hero.
What does the ending mean — why does Hiawatha turn Pau-Puk-Keewis into an eagle instead of just destroying him?
It’s a mythological answer to a genuine issue: you can’t just wipe out a trickster, as the energy he embodies — chaos, restlessness, the urge to defy norms — is inherent to the world. By transforming him into Keneu the war-eagle, Hiawatha redirects that energy into something valuable and respectable. The trickster evolves into a symbol of strength instead of a cause of turmoil.
Is this poem accurate to actual Ojibwe tradition?
Only partially. Longfellow drew on Henry Rowe Schoolcraft's ethnographic notes, which were already interpreted through a non-Indigenous lens. The trickster figure and shape-shifting motifs do have genuine roots in Ojibwe oral tradition, but Longfellow significantly romanticized and simplified the stories. He also applied a European epic structure to material that originally had a very different format. Modern Ojibwe scholars and writers have noted that the poem reflects more about 19th-century American perceptions of Indigenous people than it does about Ojibwe culture itself.
Citation
Cite this poem
MLA
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. "The Hunting of Pau-Puk-Keewis." Storgy, https://storgy.com/poems/the-hunting-of-pau-puk-keewis-henry-wadsworth-longfellow/.
APA
Longfellow, H. W. (n.d.). The hunting of pau-puk-keewis. Storgy. https://storgy.com/poems/the-hunting-of-pau-puk-keewis-henry-wadsworth-longfellow/
Row A — Thesis
1 ptIn 'The Hunting of Pau-Puk-Keewis,' Longfellow employs Pau-Puk-Keewis's serial metamorphoses into beaver, brant, and serpent as a sustained argument about the seductive and self-defeating nature of vanity: each transformation is undone …
- Row B — Evidence + Commentary4 pts
- Row C — Sophistication1 pt
- Common student errors
Available on any Storgy plan — model paragraphs, band callouts, and common student errors for every poem.
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