The Annotated Edition
Resolution and Independence by William Wordsworth
A young poet strolls through the moors after a storm, initially filled with joy that quickly turns into fear and despair about what lies ahead.
- Core theme
- Despair
§01Quick summary
What this poem is about
§02Themes
Recurring themes
§03Line by line
Stanza by stanza, with notes
There was a roaring in the wind all night; / The rain came heavily and fell in floods;
Editor's note
The poem begins the morning after a fierce storm. Wordsworth immediately contrasts the wild, noisy night with the calmness of the rising sun. This shift in weather reflects the emotional ups and downs the poem will examine.
All things that love the sun are out of doors; / The sky rejoices in the morning's birth;
Editor's note
Nature is vibrant and full of celebration. The hare darting across the wet moor and sending up a sparkling mist captures one of Wordsworth's most striking images—pure, unselfconscious joy. Everything in the natural world joins in the morning's festivities without a second thought.
I was a Traveller then upon the moor; / I saw the Hare that raced about with joy;
Editor's note
The poet immerses himself in the scene. His usual worries about adult life — which he describes as 'the ways of men, so vain and melancholy' — fade away entirely. He feels like a carefree boy once more, fully present in the moment.
But, as it sometimes chanceth, from the might / Of joy in minds that can no farther go,
Editor's note
Here comes the turn. Wordsworth captures a psychological truth he understands deeply: intense happiness can quickly shift to its opposite without any warning. The higher you soar emotionally, the harder you can crash. Suddenly, fear and an unnamed sadness rush in.
I heard the Sky-lark singing in the sky; / And I bethought me of the playful Hare:
Editor's note
The poet likens himself to the lark and the hare — animals that embrace the present — yet this comparison now brings him fear. He understands that he has been meandering through life as if it were perpetually summer, failing to brace for difficulties, poverty, or the inevitabilities of aging.
My whole life I have lived in pleasant thought, / As if life's business were a summer mood;
Editor's note
This is the poet's genuine moment of reflection. He has leaned on inspiration and emotions instead of putting in the necessary work. The rhetorical question at the end—who will build and sow for a man who pays no attention to himself?—hits like a sudden splash of cold water.
I thought of Chatterton, the marvellous Boy, / The sleepless Soul that perished in his pride;
Editor's note
Wordsworth references two actual poets: Thomas Chatterton, a teenage prodigy who took his own life at 17, and Robert Burns ('Him who walked in glory and in joy / Behind his plough'), who also passed away young and troubled. The line 'We Poets in our youth begin in gladness; / But thereof comes in the end despondency and madness' is among the most frequently quoted in the poem — reflecting a true anxiety about the trajectory of a poet's life.
Now whether it were by peculiar grace, / A leading from above, a something given,
Editor's note
At the peak of his anxiety, the old man shows up. Wordsworth portrays this as almost divine — like a gift or a sign — but he doesn’t overdo it. The phrase 'a something given' maintains an air of mystery.
My course I stopped as soon as I espied / The Old Man in that naked wilderness:
Editor's note
The poet pauses to observe the old man from afar before getting closer. The use of the word 'naked' to describe the wilderness highlights the raw, unprotected nature of the environment—and how the old man stands there, unfazed.
As a huge Stone is sometimes seen to lie / Couched on the bald top of an eminence;
Editor's note
This is the poem's most renowned simile. The old man is likened first to a boulder that appears oddly situated on a hilltop, then to a sea creature lounging on a rock. Both images evoke a sense of something ancient, fundamental, and almost indistinguishable from the surrounding landscape. He seems to belong to the earth in a way that the anxious young poet does not.
Such seemed this Man, not all alive nor dead, / Nor all asleep; in his extreme old age:
Editor's note
Wordsworth deepens the description: the old man's body is hunched over, with his head and feet almost touching, as if years of suffering have folded him in. Yet he persists, still moving, still working. This portrayal is both unyielding and empathetic.
Himself he propped, his body, limbs, and face, / Upon a long grey Staff of shaven wood:
Editor's note
The old man leans on his staff, standing as still as a cloud that "doesn't hear the loud winds when they call." This stillness isn’t about being inactive — it represents a profound calm. The cloud comparison is powerful because clouds do eventually shift, but they do so in their own time, all at once.
At length, himself unsettling, he the Pond / Stirred with his Staff, and fixedly did look
Editor's note
The old man stirs the muddy water to coax leeches to the surface, examining it like a book. When the poet greets him with a cheerful comment about the weather, the old man responds warmly, his eyes sparkling with life. He remains unbroken by his circumstances.
A gentle answer did the Old Man make, / In courteous speech which forth he slowly drew:
Editor's note
The poet questions what the man is doing in this desolate spot. The old man's speech comes across as slow yet dignified — deliberate, respectful, reminiscent of the way devout men speak in Scotland. He exudes a sense of natural authority that isn't tied to wealth or social standing.
His words came feebly, from a feeble chest, / Yet each in solemn order followed each,
Editor's note
There is a noticeable difference between the old man's physical frailty and the strength of his speech. He chooses his words with care and speaks with a sense of importance. Wordsworth is emphasizing that dignity cannot be diminished by the state of one's body.
He told me that he to this pond had come / To gather Leeches, being old and poor:
Editor's note
The old man's work is tough, lacking in glamour, and getting harder — leeches are becoming harder to find. He travels from pond to pond across the moors, depending on 'God's good help, whether by choice or chance.' He says this simply, without any complaint or self-pity.
The Old Man still stood talking by my side; / But now his voice to me was like a stream
Editor's note
The poet's mind wanders. The old man's voice turns into an ambient sound, and he appears almost dreamlike — 'sent / To give me human strength, and strong admonishment.' The poet reflects on what this figure signifies for him, even as the conversation unfolds.
My former thoughts returned: the fear that kills; / And hope that is unwilling to be fed;
Editor's note
The poet's anxieties return: cold, pain, labor, and memories of great poets who suffered before they died. He's so wrapped up in his own turmoil that he asks the old man his question again—almost rudely—because he desperately needs to hear the answer once more.
He with a smile did then his words repeat; / And said, that, gathering Leeches, far and wide
Editor's note
The old man smiles as he repeats himself calmly. His key line — 'Yet still I persevere, and find them where I may' — is delivered softly and without flair, which is what gives it its strength. He doesn’t embody heroism in a grand way; he simply continues on.
While he was talking thus, the lonely place, / The Old Man's shape, and speech, all troubled me:
Editor's note
The whole scene—the moor, the old man’s hunched figure, his calm words—disturbs the poet, but in a way that fuels his creativity. He envisions the old man endlessly roaming the moors, quietly enduring. Meanwhile, the old man continues to speak cheerfully, oblivious to the impact he has on the poet.
And soon with this he other matter blended, / Cheerfully uttered, with demeanour kind,
Editor's note
The poem concludes with the poet's determination. He feels a hint of shame—almost wanting to chuckle at himself for learning about endurance from someone who has every reason to feel hopeless. He finishes with a promise: during tough times, he will remember the leech-gatherer on the desolate moor.
§04Tone & mood
How this poem feels
§05Symbols & metaphors
Symbols & metaphors
- The leech-gatherer
- He is the moral center of the poem. He embodies patient endurance in the face of real hardship—unlike the poet's self-indulgent anxiety. He seems to appear almost like a supernatural presence right when the poet needs him most, which is why Wordsworth portrays his arrival as a form of grace.
- The stone and the sea-beast
- The double simile describing the old man links him to the vast, non-human timescales of geology and the ocean. He is ancient, primal, and steadfast in spirit, even though his body is hunched. These images imply that true endurance is as instinctive and indifferent as stone.
- The moor
- The moor is not only a tangible landscape but also a psychological space—open, limitless, and challenging. It's where the poet's happiness transforms into fear, and where the leech-gatherer goes about his life. The starkness of the moor highlights the old man's cheerfulness, making it even more remarkable.
- The leeches
- Leeches may not be glamorous, and collecting them is certainly not a glamorous task. The way they’re slowly vanishing from the ponds reflects the old man's struggles — life continues to throw challenges his way — but he keeps going. They represent the thankless work that keeps him going.
- The hare
- The hare joyfully sprinting across the wet moor in the opening stanzas captures the unselfconscious, present-moment happiness that the poet experiences for a fleeting moment. However, when he later likens himself to the hare and the skylark, that comparison shifts to anxiety: those creatures don’t have a plan for winter.
- Chatterton and Burns
- These two genuine poets represent the fate the speaker dreads for himself: shining starts that lead to pain and an untimely end. They serve as warning examples, showing that having a poetic talent offers no shield against the harshness of the world.
§06Historical context
Historical context
§07FAQ
Questions readers ask
Adjacent texts in the archive
Read next
- In the same key
Ode to a Nightingale
John Keats
Read & analyze - In the same key
Michael
William Wordsworth
Read & analyze - In the same key
Tintern Abbey
William Wordsworth
Read & analyze - Long 18th century · 1785
To a Mouse
Robert Burns
Read & analyze - In the same key
The Task
William Cowper
Read & analyze - In the same key
Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard
Thomas Gray
Read & analyze