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Resolution and Independence by William Wordsworth

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A young poet strolls through the moors after a storm, initially filled with joy that quickly turns into fear and despair about what lies ahead.

Core theme
Despair
The PoemFull text

Resolution and Independence

William Wordsworth

There was a roaring in the wind all night; The rain came heavily and fell in floods; But now the sun is rising calm and bright; The birds are singing in the distant woods; Over his own sweet voice the Stock-dove broods; The Jay makes answer as the Magpie chatters; And all the air is filled with pleasant noise of waters. All things that love the sun are out of doors; The sky rejoices in the morning's birth; The grass is bright with rain-drops;—on the moors The Hare is running races in her mirth; And with her feet she from the plashy earth Raises a mist; which, glittering in the sun, Runs with her all the way, wherever she doth run. I was a Traveller then upon the moor; I saw the Hare that raced about with joy; I heard the woods, and distant waters, roar; Or heard them not, as happy as a Boy: The pleasant season did my heart employ: My old remembrances went from me wholly; And all the ways of men, so vain and melancholy. But, as it sometimes chanceth, from the might Of joy in minds that can no farther go, As high as we have mounted in delight In our dejection do we sink as low, To me that morning did it happen so; And fears, and fancies, thick upon me came; Dim sadness, and blind thoughts I knew not nor could name. I heard the Sky-lark singing in the sky; And I bethought me of the playful Hare: Even such a happy Child of earth am I; Even as these blissful Creatures do I fare; Far from the world I walk, and from all care; But there may come another day to me— Solitude, pain of heart, distress, and poverty. My whole life I have lived in pleasant thought, As if life's business were a summer mood; As if all needful things would come unsought To genial faith, still rich in genial good; But how can He expect that others should Build for him, sow for him, and at his call Love him, who for himself will take no heed at all? I thought of Chatterton, the marvellous Boy, The sleepless Soul that perished in his pride; Of Him who walked in glory and in joy Behind his plough, upon the mountain-side: By our own spirits are we deified; We Poets in our youth begin in gladness; But thereof comes in the end despondency and madness. Now whether it were by peculiar grace, A leading from above, a something given, Yet it befel, that, in this lonely place, When up and down my fancy thus was driven, And I with these untoward thoughts had striven, I saw a Man before me unawares: The oldest Man he seemed that ever wore grey hairs. My course I stopped as soon as I espied The Old Man in that naked wilderness: Close by a Pond, upon the further side, He stood alone: a minute's space I guess I watched him, he continuing motionless: To the Pool's further margin then I drew; He being all the while before me full in view. As a huge Stone is sometimes seen to lie Couched on the bald top of an eminence; Wonder to all who do the same espy By what means it could thither come, and whence; So that it seems a thing endued with sense: Like a Sea-beast crawled forth, which on a shelf Of rock or sand reposeth, there to sun itself. Such seemed this Man, not all alive nor dead, Nor all asleep; in his extreme old age: His body was bent double, feet and head Coming together in their pilgrimage; As if some dire constraint of pain, or rage Of sickness felt by him in times long past, A more than human weight upon his frame had cast. Himself he propped, his body, limbs, and face, Upon a long grey Staff of shaven wood: And, still as I drew near with gentle pace, Beside the little pond or moorish flood Motionless as a Cloud the Old Man stood; That heareth not the loud winds when they call; And moveth altogether, if it move at all. At length, himself unsettling, he the Pond Stirred with his Staff, and fixedly did look Upon the muddy water, which he conn'd, As if he had been reading in a book: And now such freedom as I could I took; And, drawing to his side, to him did say, "This morning gives us promise of a glorious day." A gentle answer did the Old Man make, In courteous speech which forth he slowly drew: And him with further words I thus bespake, "What kind of work is that which you pursue? This is a lonesome place for one like you." He answered me with pleasure and surprise; And there was, while he spake, a fire about his eyes. His words came feebly, from a feeble chest, Yet each in solemn order followed each, With something of a lofty utterance drest; Choice word, and measured phrase; above the reach Of ordinary men; a stately speech; Such as grave Livers do in Scotland use, Religious men, who give to God and Man their dues. He told me that he to this pond had come To gather Leeches, being old and poor: Employment hazardous and wearisome! And he had many hardships to endure: From Pond to Pond he roamed, from moor to moor; Housing, with God's good help, by choice or chance: And in this way he gained an honest maintenance. The Old Man still stood talking by my side; But now his voice to me was like a stream Scarce heard; nor word from word could I divide; And the whole Body of the man did seem Like one whom I had met with in a dream; Or like a Man from some far region sent, To give me human strength, and strong admonishment. My former thoughts returned: the fear that kills; And hope that is unwilling to be fed; Cold, pain, and labour, and all fleshly ills; And mighty Poets in their misery dead. But now, perplex'd by what the Old Man had said, My question eagerly did I renew, "How is it that you live, and what is it you do?" He with a smile did then his words repeat; And said, that, gathering Leeches, far and wide He travelled; stirring thus about his feet The waters of the Ponds where they abide. "Once I could meet with them on every side; But they have dwindled long by slow decay; Yet still I persevere, and find them where I may." While he was talking thus, the lonely place, The Old Man's shape, and speech, all troubled me: In my mind's eye I seemed to see him pace About the weary moors continually, Wandering about alone and silently. While I these thoughts within myself pursued, He, having made a pause, the same discourse renewed. And soon with this he other matter blended, Cheerfully uttered, with demeanour kind, But stately in the main; and, when he ended, I could have laughed myself to scorn, to find In that decrepit Man so firm a mind. "God," said I, "be my help and stay secure; I'll think of the Leech-gatherer on the lonely moor."

Public domain

Sourced from Project Gutenberg

§01Quick summary

What this poem is about

A young poet strolls through the moors after a storm, initially filled with joy that quickly turns into fear and despair about what lies ahead. He encounters a very old man collecting leeches from ponds for survival, and the man's calm perseverance and dignity pull the poet out of his self-pity. By the end, the poet promises to keep the leech-gatherer in mind whenever life gets tough.

§02Themes

Recurring themes

§03Line by line

Stanza by stanza, with notes

  1. There was a roaring in the wind all night; / The rain came heavily and fell in floods;

    Editor's note

    The poem begins the morning after a fierce storm. Wordsworth immediately contrasts the wild, noisy night with the calmness of the rising sun. This shift in weather reflects the emotional ups and downs the poem will examine.

  2. All things that love the sun are out of doors; / The sky rejoices in the morning's birth;

    Editor's note

    Nature is vibrant and full of celebration. The hare darting across the wet moor and sending up a sparkling mist captures one of Wordsworth's most striking images—pure, unselfconscious joy. Everything in the natural world joins in the morning's festivities without a second thought.

  3. I was a Traveller then upon the moor; / I saw the Hare that raced about with joy;

    Editor's note

    The poet immerses himself in the scene. His usual worries about adult life — which he describes as 'the ways of men, so vain and melancholy' — fade away entirely. He feels like a carefree boy once more, fully present in the moment.

  4. But, as it sometimes chanceth, from the might / Of joy in minds that can no farther go,

    Editor's note

    Here comes the turn. Wordsworth captures a psychological truth he understands deeply: intense happiness can quickly shift to its opposite without any warning. The higher you soar emotionally, the harder you can crash. Suddenly, fear and an unnamed sadness rush in.

  5. I heard the Sky-lark singing in the sky; / And I bethought me of the playful Hare:

    Editor's note

    The poet likens himself to the lark and the hare — animals that embrace the present — yet this comparison now brings him fear. He understands that he has been meandering through life as if it were perpetually summer, failing to brace for difficulties, poverty, or the inevitabilities of aging.

  6. My whole life I have lived in pleasant thought, / As if life's business were a summer mood;

    Editor's note

    This is the poet's genuine moment of reflection. He has leaned on inspiration and emotions instead of putting in the necessary work. The rhetorical question at the end—who will build and sow for a man who pays no attention to himself?—hits like a sudden splash of cold water.

  7. I thought of Chatterton, the marvellous Boy, / The sleepless Soul that perished in his pride;

    Editor's note

    Wordsworth references two actual poets: Thomas Chatterton, a teenage prodigy who took his own life at 17, and Robert Burns ('Him who walked in glory and in joy / Behind his plough'), who also passed away young and troubled. The line 'We Poets in our youth begin in gladness; / But thereof comes in the end despondency and madness' is among the most frequently quoted in the poem — reflecting a true anxiety about the trajectory of a poet's life.

  8. Now whether it were by peculiar grace, / A leading from above, a something given,

    Editor's note

    At the peak of his anxiety, the old man shows up. Wordsworth portrays this as almost divine — like a gift or a sign — but he doesn’t overdo it. The phrase 'a something given' maintains an air of mystery.

  9. My course I stopped as soon as I espied / The Old Man in that naked wilderness:

    Editor's note

    The poet pauses to observe the old man from afar before getting closer. The use of the word 'naked' to describe the wilderness highlights the raw, unprotected nature of the environment—and how the old man stands there, unfazed.

  10. As a huge Stone is sometimes seen to lie / Couched on the bald top of an eminence;

    Editor's note

    This is the poem's most renowned simile. The old man is likened first to a boulder that appears oddly situated on a hilltop, then to a sea creature lounging on a rock. Both images evoke a sense of something ancient, fundamental, and almost indistinguishable from the surrounding landscape. He seems to belong to the earth in a way that the anxious young poet does not.

  11. Such seemed this Man, not all alive nor dead, / Nor all asleep; in his extreme old age:

    Editor's note

    Wordsworth deepens the description: the old man's body is hunched over, with his head and feet almost touching, as if years of suffering have folded him in. Yet he persists, still moving, still working. This portrayal is both unyielding and empathetic.

  12. Himself he propped, his body, limbs, and face, / Upon a long grey Staff of shaven wood:

    Editor's note

    The old man leans on his staff, standing as still as a cloud that "doesn't hear the loud winds when they call." This stillness isn’t about being inactive — it represents a profound calm. The cloud comparison is powerful because clouds do eventually shift, but they do so in their own time, all at once.

  13. At length, himself unsettling, he the Pond / Stirred with his Staff, and fixedly did look

    Editor's note

    The old man stirs the muddy water to coax leeches to the surface, examining it like a book. When the poet greets him with a cheerful comment about the weather, the old man responds warmly, his eyes sparkling with life. He remains unbroken by his circumstances.

  14. A gentle answer did the Old Man make, / In courteous speech which forth he slowly drew:

    Editor's note

    The poet questions what the man is doing in this desolate spot. The old man's speech comes across as slow yet dignified — deliberate, respectful, reminiscent of the way devout men speak in Scotland. He exudes a sense of natural authority that isn't tied to wealth or social standing.

  15. His words came feebly, from a feeble chest, / Yet each in solemn order followed each,

    Editor's note

    There is a noticeable difference between the old man's physical frailty and the strength of his speech. He chooses his words with care and speaks with a sense of importance. Wordsworth is emphasizing that dignity cannot be diminished by the state of one's body.

  16. He told me that he to this pond had come / To gather Leeches, being old and poor:

    Editor's note

    The old man's work is tough, lacking in glamour, and getting harder — leeches are becoming harder to find. He travels from pond to pond across the moors, depending on 'God's good help, whether by choice or chance.' He says this simply, without any complaint or self-pity.

  17. The Old Man still stood talking by my side; / But now his voice to me was like a stream

    Editor's note

    The poet's mind wanders. The old man's voice turns into an ambient sound, and he appears almost dreamlike — 'sent / To give me human strength, and strong admonishment.' The poet reflects on what this figure signifies for him, even as the conversation unfolds.

  18. My former thoughts returned: the fear that kills; / And hope that is unwilling to be fed;

    Editor's note

    The poet's anxieties return: cold, pain, labor, and memories of great poets who suffered before they died. He's so wrapped up in his own turmoil that he asks the old man his question again—almost rudely—because he desperately needs to hear the answer once more.

  19. He with a smile did then his words repeat; / And said, that, gathering Leeches, far and wide

    Editor's note

    The old man smiles as he repeats himself calmly. His key line — 'Yet still I persevere, and find them where I may' — is delivered softly and without flair, which is what gives it its strength. He doesn’t embody heroism in a grand way; he simply continues on.

  20. While he was talking thus, the lonely place, / The Old Man's shape, and speech, all troubled me:

    Editor's note

    The whole scene—the moor, the old man’s hunched figure, his calm words—disturbs the poet, but in a way that fuels his creativity. He envisions the old man endlessly roaming the moors, quietly enduring. Meanwhile, the old man continues to speak cheerfully, oblivious to the impact he has on the poet.

  21. And soon with this he other matter blended, / Cheerfully uttered, with demeanour kind,

    Editor's note

    The poem concludes with the poet's determination. He feels a hint of shame—almost wanting to chuckle at himself for learning about endurance from someone who has every reason to feel hopeless. He finishes with a promise: during tough times, he will remember the leech-gatherer on the desolate moor.

§04Tone & mood

How this poem feels

The tone shifts through several distinct registers. It begins with a bright, almost giddy celebration of nature, then transitions into a more anxious self-reflection, and ultimately settles into a quieter, more grounded space — a humble gratitude. Wordsworth doesn't exaggerate his fear or pretend to be cheerful about the old man's struggles. By the end, the overall feeling is one of steadiness: not quite happiness, but a calm that arises from the realization that endurance is achievable.

§05Symbols & metaphors

Symbols & metaphors

The leech-gatherer
He is the moral center of the poem. He embodies patient endurance in the face of real hardship—unlike the poet's self-indulgent anxiety. He seems to appear almost like a supernatural presence right when the poet needs him most, which is why Wordsworth portrays his arrival as a form of grace.
The stone and the sea-beast
The double simile describing the old man links him to the vast, non-human timescales of geology and the ocean. He is ancient, primal, and steadfast in spirit, even though his body is hunched. These images imply that true endurance is as instinctive and indifferent as stone.
The moor
The moor is not only a tangible landscape but also a psychological space—open, limitless, and challenging. It's where the poet's happiness transforms into fear, and where the leech-gatherer goes about his life. The starkness of the moor highlights the old man's cheerfulness, making it even more remarkable.
The leeches
Leeches may not be glamorous, and collecting them is certainly not a glamorous task. The way they’re slowly vanishing from the ponds reflects the old man's struggles — life continues to throw challenges his way — but he keeps going. They represent the thankless work that keeps him going.
The hare
The hare joyfully sprinting across the wet moor in the opening stanzas captures the unselfconscious, present-moment happiness that the poet experiences for a fleeting moment. However, when he later likens himself to the hare and the skylark, that comparison shifts to anxiety: those creatures don’t have a plan for winter.
Chatterton and Burns
These two genuine poets represent the fate the speaker dreads for himself: shining starts that lead to pain and an untimely end. They serve as warning examples, showing that having a poetic talent offers no shield against the harshness of the world.

§06Historical context

Historical context

Wordsworth wrote this poem in 1802 during a time of significant personal anxiety. He was preparing to marry Mary Hutchinson and felt concerned about finances, his future as a poet, and the fates of the poets he admired. The leech-gatherer was a real person he and his sister Dorothy met on the moors near Grasmere, and Dorothy's journal from 1800 provides a detailed account of their encounter. Wordsworth was deeply engaged in his Romantic quest to uncover moral and spiritual truths in ordinary people and the natural world, making this poem one of his clearest expressions of that belief. It was published in 1807 in *Poems in Two Volumes*. The poem features a modified version of the rhyme royal stanza—seven lines of iambic pentameter—which lends it a formal, almost ceremonial tone that fits its serious subject.

§07FAQ

Questions readers ask

A poet takes a stroll across the moors after a storm, feeling exhilarated, but suddenly he is hit by a wave of fear and despair about his future. He encounters an old man collecting leeches from ponds to get by, and the man's calm, uncomplaining resilience helps lift the poet out of his downward spiral. The poem explores how everyday individuals can teach us lessons that philosophy often overlooks.

Adjacent texts in the archive