The Annotated Edition
Part the Second by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
This is the second part of Longfellow's epic poem *Evangeline*, which tells the story of an Acadian heroine wandering across North America in search of her lost love, Gabriel, after their people were forced from their homeland.
- Core theme
- Exile
Study actions
§01Quick summary
What this poem is about
§02Themes
Recurring themes
§03Line by line
Stanza by stanza, with notes
Many a weary year had passed since the burning of Grand-Pre, / When on the falling tide the freighted vessels departed,
Editor's note
Longfellow begins by zooming out to condense years of wandering into just a few lines. The Acadians are portrayed as an entire nation forced into exile, scattered "like flakes of snow" — a simile that reflects their vulnerability and the randomness of their dispersal. The landscape they traverse is vast and uncaring: cold northern lakes, southern savannas, the Mississippi. Amid this collective suffering, Evangeline emerges as a solitary figure who continues to walk and wait when others have lost hope.
Long among them was seen a maiden who waited and wandered, / Lowly and meek in spirit, and patiently suffering all things.
Editor's note
Here, the poem shifts its attention from the nation to Evangeline herself. Longfellow presents a vivid image: her life resembles a June morning that lingers in the sky before fading back into the east without ever fully arriving. She wanders through churchyards, sits beside unnamed graves, and wonders if Gabriel might already lie in one of them. The people she encounters encourage her to move on and marry another man — Baptiste Leblanc is suggested as a sensible option — but she declines, stating that her hand can only go where her heart has gone.
Thereupon the priest, her friend and father-confessor, / Said, with a smile, "O daughter! thy God thus speaketh within thee!"
Editor's note
Father Felician presents the poem's key spiritual message: love is never in vain. Even if it doesn't reach its intended target, it returns and nourishes the one who experiences it, much like rain falling back to its source. He portrays Evangeline's perseverance not as a form of foolishness but as a divine act of cleansing. This reflects Longfellow's intention to grant her suffering a sacred significance — she isn't merely a victim; she is on the path to becoming a saint.
Let me essay, O Muse! to follow the wanderer's footsteps;-- / Not through each devious path, each changeful year of existence;
Editor's note
Longfellow takes on the role of narrator and speaks directly to the Muse, following a traditional epic style. He outlines his approach: he will trace Evangeline's journey like a traveler follows a stream — not always in close proximity, but always tuned to its sound. This serves as both a structural reminder (he's skipping over years) and a poetic declaration: the poem will capture the emotional flow of her life rather than every single detail of her biography.
It was the month of May. Far down the Beautiful River, / Past the Ohio shore and past the mouth of the Wabash,
Editor's note
The poem transforms into a vivid travelogue as Evangeline and a group of Acadian exiles drift down the Mississippi toward Louisiana. Longfellow paints lush, cinematic scenes—pelicans resting on silver sandbars, planters' homes shaded by china trees, the river gracefully bending in a grand curve. While the beauty of the landscape is undeniable, it also highlights the exiles' sense of being uprooted: this stunning land is not where they belong.
Over their heads the towering and tenebrous boughs of the cypress / Met in a dusky arch, and trailing mosses in mid-air
Editor's note
Entering the Bayou of Plaquemine, the mood of the poem shifts to a darker tone. The cypress branches create a cathedral-like arch, the silence feels lifeless, and an owl welcomes the moon with its "demoniac laughter." Longfellow employs the mimosa plant as a symbol: just as its leaves fold at the slightest touch, the heart also shuts down in anticipation of impending sorrow. Yet, Evangeline finds strength in her vision of Gabriel just ahead — each stroke of the oar pulls her closer to him.
Nearer, ever nearer, among the numberless islands, / Darted a light, swift boat, that sped away o'er the water,
Editor's note
This is the emotional climax of Part the Second. Gabriel is in that passing boat, heading north, while Evangeline sleeps hidden in the willows on the opposite bank. They are separated only by a screen of palmettos and unfortunate timing. Longfellow captures the cruelty vividly: "Angel of God was there none to awaken the slumbering maiden." When she finally wakes, she senses something — she tells Father Felician that she feels Gabriel is close — and she is right, but it’s too late.
With these words of cheer they arose and continued their journey. / Softly the evening came. The sun from the western horizon
Editor's note
Father Felician informs Evangeline that Gabriel has indeed been spotted not far away, along the banks of the Teche, referring to the area as the "Eden of Louisiana." The evening that follows features one of the poem's most exquisite passages: the sun resembling a magician, the boat suspended between two skies, and a mockingbird filling the air with music that shifts from sorrow to frenzy to delicate notes. This section concludes with a hint of cautious hope — smoke rising from a chimney, the sound of a horn, and the lowing of cattle — as they near what could finally mark the end of their search.
§04Tone & mood
How this poem feels
§05Symbols & metaphors
Symbols & metaphors
- The river
- The Mississippi and its tributaries represent both a physical path and a metaphor for time and destiny—constantly flowing, unconcerned with the lives of those along its banks. Longfellow directly likens his narrative approach to tracing a stream, connecting the river to the very structure of the poem.
- The cypress cathedral
- The cypress branches of the bayou create a natural cathedral, draped with moss like banners and filtered moonlight that resembles stained glass. This scene blends the sacred with something foreboding — it resembles a church, yet it feels more like a silent tomb, hinting that Evangeline's devotion is being challenged in a space that seems more like a grave than a refuge.
- The mimosa plant
- The mimosa folds its leaves when it hears hoofbeats approaching, and Longfellow employs this as a direct symbol of the human heart preparing for trouble. It's one of the poem's sharpest images: the body senses impending grief before the mind catches up.
- The lamp
- Evangeline shares with her potential suitors that "when the heart leads the way, like a lamp lighting the path, many things become clear." The lamp symbolizes loyal love as a guide — not a promise of reward, but a source of guidance and clarity during uncertain times.
- The mockingbird
- The mockingbird's song near the end of the section shifts from a mournful sorrow to wild frenzy, then to scattered notes before going quiet. It reflects Evangeline's emotional journey — from grief and desperate searching to the delicate stillness of renewed hope — serving as a musical commentary on all that she has faced.
- Gabriel's passing boat
- The moment Gabriel's boat glides past the sleeping Evangeline stands out as the poem's key symbol of fate's cruelty. Two people who love each other are just inches apart, separated only by a screen of palmettos. The boat represents all the near-misses that define a life filled with longing.
§06Historical context
Historical context
§07FAQ
Questions readers ask
What is the Grand Dérangement and why does it matter to the poem?
The Grand Dérangement refers to the British expulsion of French Acadian settlers from present-day Nova Scotia in 1755. Families were torn apart, homes were set ablaze, and around 10,000 individuals found themselves dispersed along the Atlantic coast without a specific destination. Longfellow draws on this historical event as the driving force of the poem—every hardship Evangeline faces stems from it, and the poem played a significant role in informing English-speaking audiences about this tragedy.
Why does Evangeline keep refusing to marry Baptiste Leblanc?
She responds clearly: "Where my heart has gone, my hand follows, and nowhere else." For Evangeline, love isn't just a practical matter — it's a promise already made that can't be shifted. Longfellow portrays this not as stubbornness but as a form of spiritual integrity. Her heart has made its choice, and choosing differently with her hand would mean betraying herself.
What does Father Felician mean when he says affection is never wasted?
He is presenting both a theological and an emotional argument simultaneously. Even if Evangeline's love never reaches Gabriel, the very act of loving faithfully transforms her — it purifies and strengthens her soul. He likens this to rain returning to its source: love that cannot reach its intended recipient flows back and enriches the one who gave it. This is his way of reassuring her that her years of searching have not been in vain, even if they ultimately lead to disappointment.
Why is the moment when Gabriel's boat passes so important?
It serves as the emotional heart of the poem. Gabriel and Evangeline are just a few yards apart, separated by water and a screen of palm trees while she sleeps. This is the closest they will be for years, and neither of them realizes it. Longfellow sharpens the tragedy by pointing out that no angel came to wake her. This shift makes the entire search about timing and fate rather than mere effort — she has done everything right, yet it still isn’t enough.
What is the significance of the cypress bayou being described like a cathedral?
Longfellow intentionally compares the natural landscape to a Gothic church — with arching boughs serving as vaults, trailing moss resembling banners, and broken moonlight acting like stained glass. This imagery lends the bayou a sacred aura, aligning with Evangeline's deep, almost religious devotion. However, it is also depicted as deathlike and silent, suggesting that this sacred space lacks comfort. It becomes a beautiful but foreboding threshold she must navigate.
Why does Longfellow use the classical epic convention of addressing the Muse?
By calling on the Muse and using dactylic hexameter (the meter used by Homer and Virgil), Longfellow intentionally situates Evangeline within the epic poetry tradition. He aims for the Acadian expulsion to be regarded with the same gravity as the fall of Troy or the founding of Rome. Invoking the Muse signals that this isn't merely a sentimental love story — it's a national tragedy of epic proportions.
What does the mockingbird's song represent at the end of Part the Second?
The mockingbird goes through three stages: a mournful cry, a burst of wild energy, and then disjointed notes that are tossed aside. This reflects Evangeline's emotional journey in this section — years of quiet sorrow, the frantic drive of her search, and finally the delicate, fleeting hope she experiences as she nears the Teche. Longfellow employs the bird as an emotional encapsulation of everything that has transpired.
Is *Evangeline* based on a real person?
No. Evangeline Bellefontaine is a fictional character, but her story is deeply connected to the real hardships faced by the Acadian people. Longfellow was inspired by a tale from Nathaniel Hawthorne about a woman searching for her lost fiancé after the deportation, yet there isn't a specific historical person who represents her. Over the years, though, she has gained such cultural significance that many Acadian communities now view her as a collective ancestor and a symbol of their identity.
Citation
Cite this poem
MLA
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. "Part the Second." Storgy, https://storgy.com/poems/part-the-second-henry-wadsworth-longfellow/.
APA
Longfellow, H. W. (n.d.). Part the second. Storgy. https://storgy.com/poems/part-the-second-henry-wadsworth-longfellow/
Row A — Thesis
1 ptIn 'Part the Second' of Evangeline, Longfellow constructs Evangeline's search not as a romantic quest but as a slow, liturgical suffering — one the poem insists is spiritually purifying even as it is humanly devastating. Through a sustained …
- Row B — Evidence + Commentary4 pts
- Row C — Sophistication1 pt
- Common student errors
Available on any Storgy plan — model paragraphs, band callouts, and common student errors for every poem.
The study desk
Teaching materials and reference tools prepared for this poem.
Adjacent texts in the archive
Read next