Character analysis
Alec Moore
in How Many Miles to Babylon? by Jennifer Johnston
Alec Moore is the first-person narrator and tragic protagonist of Jennifer Johnston's How Many Miles to Babylon (1974). He’s a young Anglo-Irish Protestant from a privileged but emotionally barren Big House background. Sensitive, introspective, and artistically inclined, Alec stands out as an outsider in both his own class and the harsh realities of the First World War trenches. The novel begins with Alec awaiting execution in a military cell, and it unfolds as he reflects on the events that led him to this moment.
Alec's journey transitions from a sheltered adolescence to a moral awakening and ultimately to quiet, dignified acceptance. As a boy, he forms a rare, genuine friendship with Jerry Crowe, the son of a Catholic tenant, challenging the strict class boundaries imposed by his mother. When they both enlist and are sent to the Western Front, Alec leverages his officer’s position to protect Jerry, notably by securing him a relatively safe role as a runner. When Jerry goes absent without leave to look for his missing father and faces a death sentence, Alec takes matters into his own hands and shoots him rather than let a firing squad execute him. This act of mercy determines Alec's own fate.
Alec's key traits include an emotional restraint that hides deep loyalty, a passive resistance to authority, and a struggle to meet the expectations imposed by class and military rank. He doesn’t fit neatly into the roles of hero or coward — his final act is both a defiance and a gesture of love.
Who they are
Alec Moore is the first-person narrator of Jennifer Johnston's How Many Miles to Babylon (1974), writing from a military cell as he awaits execution at dawn. Anglo-Irish, Protestant, and the sole heir of a crumbling Big House estate, Alec embodies a class that is both privileged and paralysed — materially comfortable but emotionally impoverished. He is introspective, artistically sensitive, and fundamentally unsuited to the performances of authority and masculinity his world demands. Johnston establishes his voice immediately through the famous nursery rhyme of the title, embedding his story in the language of childhood and impossibility: the journey to Babylon cannot be completed, nor can Alec's attempts to belong to either the Anglo-Irish order or the military machine that ultimately destroys him. His opening declaration — "I am going to be shot at dawn. I have been awake all night and I find that I am not afraid" — sets a tone of quiet dignity that defines him throughout: a man who has made peace with a world that never made room for him.
Arc & motivation
Alec's arc moves from passive endurance to a single decisive act of agency. As an adolescent, he exists in a kind of suspended isolation, shielded from both intimacy and purpose by his mother's controlling influence and his father's spineless silence. His friendship with Jerry Crowe in childhood represents the only authentic relationship in his sheltered life, and from that point, his central motivation is to preserve that bond against every force — class, military rank, wartime bureaucracy — that conspires to sever it. When both young men enlist and are posted to the Western Front, Alec uses his officer's position not for advancement or distinction but as a tool to keep Jerry relatively safe, securing him the role of runner. His motivation is never heroism in any conventional sense; it is loyalty, the one value his emotionally barren upbringing paradoxically crystallised in him. The arc reaches its devastating terminus when Jerry goes AWOL to search for his missing father and faces a firing squad. Alec shoots him first. It is the one moment in the novel where his passivity breaks — and it costs him his life. His trajectory is not one of growth toward power but of moral clarity in powerlessness.
Key moments
The childhood scenes beside the bog, where Alec and Jerry first establish their friendship in defiance of his mother's prohibitions, are foundational: they reveal what Alec values and what he risks. His mother's cold intervention — her sustained campaign to end the friendship on grounds of class transgression — crystallises the suffocating world he cannot escape or fully refuse. At the Front, Alec's arrangement of Jerry's posting as a runner is a quiet but significant act of care, navigating the officer hierarchy without drawing attention. The confrontation with Bennett, whose contempt for Jerry is casual and unashamed, allows Alec's silent resistance to register as moral opposition without melodrama. The shooting of Jerry is the pivot on which the entire novel turns: intimate, deliberately administered, and driven by love rather than despair. His final reflection — "They will shoot me at dawn and I will not cry out. That much I can do for Jerry" — completes his transformation from passive observer to someone who has chosen, twice, how a death should happen.
Relationships in depth
Jerry Crowe is the axis of Alec's emotional life; without him, Alec has no meaningful relationships at all. Their friendship across the Catholic-Protestant, tenant-landlord divide is the novel's radical act, and Alec's recognition that Jerry "was the only person who had ever treated me as if I were a human being" reveals the genuine connection that his privileged existence denied him. His mother is the novel's controlling negative force, her emotional distance and class rigidity shaping Alec's self-suppression as surely as any external authority. His father offers unspoken sympathy but no protection, embodying the passivity Alec inherits and must ultimately overcome. Major Glendinning and Captain Barry represent the institutional machinery Alec can work around but never dismantle; Bennett distils its casual cruelties. None of these relationships reach the depth of the bond with Jerry — which is precisely Johnston's point.
Connected characters
- Jerry Crowe
Jerry is Alec's closest — and essentially only — true friend. Their bond, forged in childhood across a class divide, is the emotional core of the novel. Alec protects Jerry throughout their service, and ultimately shoots him to spare him the degradation of a firing squad, an act that defines Alec's entire moral identity.
- Alec's Mother
Alec's mother is a cold, controlling presence who shapes his sense of alienation. She actively works to suppress his friendship with Jerry, viewing it as a class transgression. Her emotional distance and manipulative authority represent the suffocating Anglo-Irish world Alec can never fully escape or fully rebel against.
- Alec's Father
Alec's father is a weak, largely absent figure who fails to protect his son from his mother's dominance. He shares a quiet, unspoken sympathy with Alec but lacks the will to act on it, embodying the passive decline of the Anglo-Irish gentry.
- Major Glendinning
The Major is Alec's commanding officer and the instrument of institutional authority. He sentences Alec to death for shooting Jerry. Their relationship encapsulates the novel's critique of a military and class system that punishes compassion and rewards conformity.
- Bennett
Bennett is a fellow officer whose casual cruelty and class contempt for Jerry contrast sharply with Alec's loyalty. He represents the dehumanising attitudes of the officer class that Alec quietly but persistently resists throughout their time at the Front.
- Captain Barry
Captain Barry functions as a mid-level authority figure within the military hierarchy. His interactions with Alec underscore the rigid chain of command that ultimately makes Jerry's fate — and Alec's transgression — inevitable.
Key quotes
“He was the only person who had ever treated me as if I were a human being.”
Alec Moore
Analysis
This line is delivered by Alec Moore, the Anglo-Irish narrator and main character of Jennifer Johnston's How Many Miles to Babylon? (1974). Alec reflects on his friendship with Jerry Crowe, a young man from the peasant class living on his family's estate in County Wicklow. Their bond challenges the strict class and social divisions of early twentieth-century Ireland. The quote appears as Alec thinks about the rare and meaningful nature of Jerry's companionship: unlike his cold, overbearing mother or the distant figures in his social circle, Jerry accepts Alec simply for who he is. This line is key to Johnston's examination of class, identity, and human connection. It reveals the emotional emptiness of the Anglo-Irish Protestant Ascendancy, whose privileged members are ironically dehumanized by their own social systems. The friendship between Alec and Jerry, which even survives the horrors of World War I, serves as the novel's moral center—highlighting the power of genuine human connections that rise above inherited social structures. The quote also adds to the tragedy of the novel’s conclusion, emphasizing what Alec loses when that unique relationship is shattered by war and military command.
“How many miles to Babylon? Three score miles and ten. Can I get there by candlelight? Yes, and back again.”
Alec Moore (narrator)
Analysis
This haunting nursery-rhyme refrain, threaded throughout Jennifer Johnston's 1974 novel How Many Miles to Babylon?, is recited by Alec Moore, a young Anglo-Irish officer in the trenches of World War I. The old children's verse, based on a traditional English nursery rhyme, serves as a structural and thematic anchor for the novel. Alec first hears it in his childhood, and it reappears at crucial moments of foreboding and reflection, highlighting the story's focus on innocence shattered by war and class differences. "Babylon" becomes a complex symbol: the legendary lost city, the unattainable paradise of youth and friendship, and the grim battlefields of the Western Front. The question "Can I get there by candlelight?" reflects life's fragility — a candle's brief, flickering flame echoing the fleeting lives of young soldiers. The response, "Yes, and back again," carries bitter irony, as Alec, waiting for execution in a military prison, understands there is no way back. The rhyme captures Johnston's poignant meditation on class, loyalty, and the senseless loss of a generation.
“We were friends. That was all. It was enough.”
Alec Moore
Analysis
This quiet yet powerful statement comes from Alec Moore, the Anglo-Irish narrator of Jennifer Johnston's 1974 novel How Many Miles to Babylon?. Alec reflects on his relationship with Jerry Crowe, a lower-class Irish soldier he befriends despite the rigid class and social barriers of early twentieth-century Ireland and the First World War. This line appears near the novel's frame narrative, where Alec, imprisoned and awaiting execution for shooting Jerry in an act of mercy, looks back on the true nature of their bond. Johnston removes any need for justification or explanation — friendship, in its purest form, is shown as a complete truth in itself. Thematically, this quote captures the novel's central tragedy: that a friendship so simple and genuine could be shattered by larger forces — class prejudice, colonial politics, the machinery of war — that overshadow the two individuals. The concise nature of the three sentences reflects Johnston's minimalist prose style and highlights how much is lost when society disregards the most basic human connections. It stands as one of Irish literature's most moving reflections on friendship, class, and the human cost of war.
“They will shoot me at dawn and I will not cry out. That much I can do for Jerry.”
Alec MooreFinal chapter (closing lines)
Analysis
This closing line is delivered by Alec Moore, the Anglo-Irish narrator and main character of Jennifer Johnston's 1974 novel How Many Miles to Babylon?. The story unfolds as a reflective first-person narrative penned by Alec from his prison cell, where he awaits execution by firing squad for a merciful act—shooting his friend Jerry Crowe, a fellow soldier from a lower social class, who was sentenced to death for desertion during World War I. This line appears at the novel's conclusion, as Alec resolves to confront his own death with quiet dignity. Its thematic significance is profound: it captures the novel's core themes of class, friendship, loyalty, and the senseless brutality of war. While Alec cannot save Jerry or challenge the rigid social and military hierarchies that have led to their destruction, he can maintain control over one small aspect—his own composure in his final moments. The restraint in "I will not cry out" and the heartfelt sentiment of "That much I can do for Jerry" encapsulate Johnston's critique of a system that sacrifices human connections on the altar of class prejudice and institutional violence.
“I am going to be shot at dawn. I have been awake all night and I find that I am not afraid.”
Alec MooreOpening / Chapter 1
Analysis
This opening line is delivered by Alec Moore, the Anglo-Irish protagonist and narrator of Jennifer Johnston's How Many Miles to Babylon? (1974). It appears right at the beginning of the novel, as Alec waits in a military prison cell for his execution at dawn. He has been sentenced for shooting his friend Jerry Crowe, a fellow soldier, to spare him from the more brutal fate of a firing squad, which was ordered by court martial for desertion during World War I.
The line carries significant thematic weight for several reasons. First, it sets the stage for the novel's reflective, confessional style: everything that follows is Alec's memory of how he ended up in this situation. Second, his calm assertion — "I find that I am not afraid" — conveys a subtle defiance against the dehumanizing forces of war and class. Alec, a Protestant Anglo-Irish officer, and Jerry, a Catholic working-class soldier, illustrate the profound social divides within Irish society; their unexpected friendship and Alec's ultimate act of mercy rise above those divides. The line also encapsulates the novel's central irony: the war, which was meant to impart meaning and a sense of manhood, ends up destroying both young men, regardless of their bravery or innocence.
“The war was something that happened to other people, until it happened to us.”
Alec Moore (narrator)
Analysis
This line comes from Jennifer Johnston's How Many Miles to Babylon? (1974), a novel set during World War I that explores the tragic friendship between Alec Moore, a young Anglo-Irish officer, and Jerry Crowe, a soldier from a lower social class. Alec narrates this quote in a reflective first-person voice while he waits in his prison cell for execution. It highlights the psychological distance that privilege and class create — for Alec and his Anglo-Irish gentry background, the war initially seemed abstract, a distant affair affecting "other people," especially the poor and working class who had fewer options. But once the war turns personal — through enlistment, loss, and moral dilemmas — that comfortable detachment is shattered. Thematically, this line is crucial to Johnston's critique of class, innocence, and complicity: it reveals how the Anglo-Irish elite insulated themselves from harsh realities until history forced them to face them. It also hints at the novel's tragic trajectory, where Alec's sheltered existence is irreparably altered by the brutal realities of war.
“Class is something they brand you with, like cattle. You can never quite escape the mark.”
Alec Moore
Analysis
This quote is from Jennifer Johnston's How Many Miles to Babylon? (1974), a novel set during World War I that examines the strict class divisions within Irish society. The speaker, Alec Moore, is the Anglo-Irish narrator and protagonist, who reflects on the unyielding social hierarchy that has influenced his life and his doomed friendship with Jerry Crowe, a young man from a peasant background. The branding metaphor is strikingly vivid: just as cattle are marked by their owners, humans are marked at birth by their social class — a mark that follows them even into the battlefields of war. The quote encapsulates one of the novel's key themes: that class isn’t just a societal construct but a form of violence, an identity imposed from the outside that cannot be discarded through goodwill, friendship, or shared hardship. Alec and Jerry's relationship, which is tender and sincere, ultimately falls apart not because of the war itself but due to the class structures that the war only intensifies. Johnston employs Alec's clear and reflective voice to criticize a society that brands its members and then punishes them for attempting to cross the boundaries those brands create.
Use this in your essay
Loyalty versus order
How does Johnston frame Alec's killing of Jerry as an act of love rather than a crime, and what does this suggest about the moral limits of military authority?
Class and belonging
Alec fits neither the Anglo-Irish Big House world nor the democratic brutality of the trenches — how does Johnston use his outsider status to critique both?
Passivity and agency
For most of the novel, Alec fails to act against his circumstances; discuss whether his final act constitutes genuine rebellion or merely a quieter form of submission.
The nursery rhyme as structural metaphor
Examine how the title's embedded impossibility — the journey that cannot be completed — shapes our reading of Alec's fate as inevitable rather than tragic.
Narrative voice and control
Alec tells his story already knowing its ending; analyse how Johnston uses this retrospective frame to construct a narrator who is both helpless and authoritative.