The Annotated Edition
With a Guitar, to Jane by Percy Bysshe Shelley
Shelley gifts a guitar to his friend Jane Williams, playfully pretending to be Ariel — the enchanting spirit from Shakespeare's *The Tempest* — sending a present to Miranda.
- Core theme
- Art
Study actions
§01Quick summary
What this poem is about
§02Themes
Recurring themes
§03Line by line
Stanza by stanza, with notes
Ariel to Miranda:—Take / This slave of Music, for the sake
Editor's note
Shelley starts by portraying himself as Ariel and Jane as Miranda, characters from Shakespeare's *The Tempest*. He refers to the guitar as a "slave of Music" — existing solely to produce sound — and describes himself as a slave to Jane. This setup allows him to convey his devotion while maintaining a lighthearted, fictional separation. Ferdinand (line 10) represents Jane's partner Edward Williams, suggesting that the gift comes with his approval as well.
From Prospero's enchanted cell, / As the mighty verses tell,
Editor's note
Shelley enriches the *Tempest* allegory: Ariel safely guided Miranda across the sea from Prospero's island to Naples and now asserts that he has watched over Jane through multiple lifetimes. The phrase "from life to life" subtly hints at a Platonic notion — that the spirit's devotion endures across reincarnations. Ariel's happiness relies completely on Jane's, which tenderly, yet sadly, implies that his joy is derived from hers.
When you die, the silent Moon, / In her interlunar swoon,
Editor's note
The "interlunar" period is that dark space between the old moon disappearing and the new moon showing up — a genuine astronomical term Shelley employs to evoke feelings of grief and pause. When Jane dies, Ariel will feel as empty as that moonless sky. When she returns, he guides her once more. This cycle of death and rebirth keeps Ariel in a constant state of service, which seems devoted but also hints at exhaustion and yearning.
Now, in humbler, happier lot, / This is all remembered not;
Editor's note
Shelley shifts focus to the present. In this life, Jane has no memory of Ariel's extensive service — she just lives, content and free from that cosmic burden. However, Ariel (Shelley) now feels "imprisoned" in a human body, which he likens to a grave. All he seeks in exchange for countless lifetimes of loyalty is simple and human: a smile today, a song tomorrow. The emotional core of the first section lies in the striking contrast between the vastness of the service and the simplicity of the request.
The artist who this idol wrought, / To echo all harmonious thought,
Editor's note
The poem transitions to the tale of how the guitar was crafted. A craftsman chopped down a tree on the Apennine mountains while it rested through winter, dreaming of the changing seasons — the autumn that had passed, the approaching spring, and summer romance. Shelley presents the tree's death as an ideal way to die: without pain, lost in dreams, and transforming into something beautiful. The line "O that such our death may be!" stands out as one of the most poignant and heartfelt moments in the poem.
From which, beneath Heaven's fairest star, / The artist wrought this loved Guitar,
Editor's note
Because the tree soaked up all of nature's sounds during its life — birdsong, rain, wind, fountains, the hum of the earth turning — the guitar crafted from it holds those harmonies within. However, the guitar is discerning: it only shares its profound secrets with someone who knows how to listen. It "talks according to the wit / Of its companions," indicating it mirrors what the listener contributes. This is Shelley's way of highlighting Jane's exceptional talent — the guitar reserves its most beautiful, sacred tone just for her.
§04Tone & mood
How this poem feels
§05Symbols & metaphors
Symbols & metaphors
- The Guitar
- The guitar serves as both a tangible gift and a symbol of Shelley's poetry. Similar to the poem, the instrument captures natural beauty and human emotion, releasing it only to those who are truly open to it. By giving Jane the guitar, he is, in essence, sharing his voice with her.
- Ariel
- Shelley associates himself with Ariel — Shakespeare's spirit of air and service — to show his devotion to Jane while maintaining a friendship. Ariel embodies freedom and magic but is also committed to serving, reflecting Shelley's feelings about his relationship with Jane: eager and happy, yet not completely unrestrained.
- The Tree / Its Death
- The tree that becomes the guitar symbolizes a perfect transformation: quietly fading away, without suffering, to emerge in a more elevated form. This reflects Shelley's idea of death—not as a conclusion, but as a journey into something more beautiful and harmonious.
- The Interlunar Moon
- The dark gap between the old and new moon — the "interlunar swoon" — symbolizes grief, absence, and suspension. This is the image Shelley evokes to capture Ariel's feelings when Jane is absent. Although the moon's darkness is temporary, lending a sense of hope, it feels complete while it endures.
- The Sea
- The sea represents the journey of life — boundless, immense, and in need of a navigator. Ariel guides Jane across it in every lifetime. This implies that life is about the journey, not the endpoint, and that having companionship makes the journey easier.
- The Apennine Mountains
- The specific Italian setting connects the poem to Shelley's actual life—he was residing in Italy at the time of writing it. The mountains symbolize the untamed, raw world that the tree (and the guitar it became) absorbed before transforming into art. Nature provides the inspiration; art is what brings it to life.
§06Historical context
Historical context
§07FAQ
Questions readers ask
Who is Jane in this poem?
Jane Williams was the partner of Shelley's close friend Edward Williams. The two couples lived near each other in Italy in 1822. Shelley felt a strong bond with Jane; she was musical, warm, and often kept him company during his last months. He wrote several poems for her, including "To Jane: The Keen Stars Were Twinkling."
Why does Shelley use characters from The Tempest?
It allows him to convey deep personal emotions within a fictional context. By adopting the names Ariel and Jane Miranda, he can talk about love, service, and desire without making a straightforward declaration. Ariel embodies air and music, which makes it fitting for a poem paired with a musical instrument. Additionally, Ariel's situation—bound to serve while yearning for freedom—reflects Shelley's own feelings: dedicated to Jane, yet recognizing the constraints of their relationship.
What does 'interlunar swoon' mean?
"Interlunar" describes the short time each month when the moon is entirely dark — the gap between the fading old moon and the emergence of the new one. Shelley employs this term to evoke a sense of profound, suspended grief. When Jane passes away, Ariel will embody the darkness and stillness of that moonless night. It's a specific astronomical term that serves as a metaphor for absence.
What is the significance of the tree being cut down?
The tree's death is depicted as a model for an ideal passing: painless, dream-filled, and leading to transformation instead of extinction. It died in winter slumber, dreaming of seasons and love, and was reborn as a guitar that holds all those memories. Shelley suggests that art retains what life loses — and he also expresses a desire for his own death to be just as gentle.
Why does the guitar only reveal its best sounds to Jane?
Shelley believes that the guitar — much like a poem or any piece of art — reflects what the listener contributes. It "speaks based on the wit of those around it." Jane stands out because she possesses the musical talent and emotional insight to evoke the instrument's fullest potential. This highlights her sensitivity and suggests that exceptional art requires an exceptional audience.
Is this poem a love poem?
It sits right on the edge of one. Shelley never openly declares love — the framing of Ariel maintains a tone of devoted friendship and service. Yet, the underlying feeling is clearly more than just casual affection. The image of Ariel trapped in a body that feels like a grave, yearning only for a smile and a song, is exactly the kind of thing you write when you’re longing for more than you can openly express.
What is the 'seldom-heard mysterious sound' in line 75?
Shelley is talking about the music of the spheres — the old belief that the planets and the Earth create a cosmic hum as they travel through space. People believed it was too faint for regular human ears to hear. The guitar, crafted from a tree that grew outdoors and soaked in all the natural sounds, has somehow captured even this profound harmony.
Why was Jane's name replaced with 'friend' in early publications?
Jane Williams was a real person when the poem was published in 1832. If her name had been used, it would have connected her publicly to Shelley's deep emotional attachment, which might have been socially harmful for her. The Trelawny manuscript, a private copy, keeps her true name, and later editions brought it back once the social risks had diminished.
Citation
Cite this poem
MLA
Shelley, Percy Bysshe. "With a Guitar, to Jane." Storgy, https://storgy.com/poems/with-a-guitar-to-jane-percy-bysshe-shelley/.
APA
Shelley, P. B. (n.d.). With a guitar, to jane. Storgy. https://storgy.com/poems/with-a-guitar-to-jane-percy-bysshe-shelley/
Row A — Thesis
1 ptIn 'With a Guitar, to Jane,' Shelley constructs the gift of a guitar as an act of devotion that can only be completed by the recipient's voice, arguing that true artistic harmony is not self-contained but depends on a sympathetic spirit to …
- Row B — Evidence + Commentary4 pts
- Row C — Sophistication1 pt
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