The Annotated Edition
Ulysses by Alfred, Lord Tennyson
Ulysses, the famed king of Ithaca, is tired of staying home and doing nothing after his many adventures.
- Core theme
- Freedom
Study actions
§01Quick summary
What this poem is about
§02Themes
Recurring themes
§03Line by line
Stanza by stanza, with notes
It little profits that an idle king, / By this still hearth, among these barren crags,
Editor's note
Ulysses begins by voicing his dissatisfaction with his life. Despite being a king, he finds the role pointless—spending his days by a fire, governing people he views as uncivilized, stuck with an aging wife, and feeling stagnant. The term "idle" carries significant weight for him: it represents not only boredom but also a sense of moral failure. He then shifts his focus to his past, recounting a life filled with rich experiences—adventures, battles, hardships, and joys—and asserts, "I am become a name," suggesting that his fame has grown so vast it feels almost detached from his identity. The mention of the Hyades, a star cluster linked to rain and storms, indicates that Ulysses has navigated through genuine peril, not just calm waters.
Myself not least, but honour'd of them all; / And drunk delight of battle with my peers,
Editor's note
Here, Ulysses reflects on how his experiences have shaped him. He's received honors everywhere, fought at Troy, and taken in the world around him — "I am a part of all that I have met." But then comes a pivotal moment: instead of feeling fulfilled, each experience only uncovers more unknowns, like an arch that always leads to a new horizon. The thought of stopping — resting, breathing without striving — almost repulses him. "To rust unburnish'd, not to shine in use" stands out as one of the poem's most striking lines: a sword left in its scabbard will corrode, and Ulysses refuses to be that sword. He yearns to pursue knowledge "like a sinking star" — always just ahead, constantly driving him forward.
This is my son, mine own Telemachus, / To whom I leave the sceptre and the isle—
Editor's note
Ulysses turns to speak with his son Telemachus, and the tone shifts to one that feels almost clinical. He acknowledges Telemachus as steady, dutiful, and effective in the gradual process of governance, but there’s a subtle sharpness to his praise. Terms like "decent," "common duties," and "soft degrees" imply that while Ulysses respects his son, he doesn't fully grasp him. The phrase "He works his work, I mine" stands out: it creates a stark, almost cold distinction between their contrasting temperaments. Ulysses isn't harsh towards Telemachus, but it's clear they are fundamentally different.
There lies the port: the vessel puffs her sail: / There gloom the dark broad seas.
Editor's note
The poem transitions into its final movement as Ulysses speaks directly to his mariners. The imagery comes alive — a real harbor, a real ship, and the sea growing darker around them. He acknowledges their age and the inevitability of death, yet he believes there are still meaningful actions to take before it arrives. "Not unbecoming men that strove with Gods" serves as a powerful reminder of their identity: they’ve confronted the extraordinary before. The evening scene — with twinkling lights, the rising moon, and the moaning sea — lends the speech a farewell, almost mournful tone, even as Ulysses emphasizes the need to move forward.
The sounding furrows; for my purpose holds / To sail beyond the sunset,
Editor's note
The final push. Ulysses outlines their destination — beyond the sunset, past the western stars, perhaps to the Happy Isles (the classical afterlife for heroes) where he might meet Achilles again. He acknowledges that the journey could be fatal: "the gulfs will wash us down." Yet, the poem concludes not with fear or uncertainty, but with one of the most famous closing lines in English poetry. "Tho' much is taken, much abides" — they've lost strength, youth, and time, but something vital endures. "To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield" captures the poem's core message in just ten words: keep pushing forward, no matter the obstacles.
§04Tone & mood
How this poem feels
§05Symbols & metaphors
Symbols & metaphors
- The arch
- "All experience is an arch wherethro' / Gleams that untravell'd world" — here, the arch symbolizes the nature of knowledge for Ulysses. Each answer leads to another question, and every destination uncovers a new horizon. This perfectly encapsulates his sense of restlessness: experience doesn’t limit understanding; instead, it highlights even more of the unknown.
- Rust and shine
- "To rust unburnish'd, not to shine in use" evokes the image of a metal blade. A sword that remains idle will corrode, while one that sees battle remains bright. For Ulysses, inactivity isn’t restful — it leads to decay. This imagery links purpose to vitality and contrasts stillness with a form of death.
- The sinking star
- Knowledge is often seen as "a sinking star" — constantly drifting away, perpetually just out of reach. It represents a pursuit that can never truly be fulfilled, yet for Ulysses, this isn't a cause for despair but rather a source of inspiration. The very idea of it sinking also suggests mortality: the chase will conclude when he does.
- The sunset and western stars
- In classical tradition, the west is where the dead go — the Happy Isles are beyond the sunset. Ulysses' destination represents more than just a place; it's symbolic. He’s sailing toward death itself, embracing it as yet another adventure instead of something to fear.
- The Happy Isles
- The classical paradise for heroes after death, where Ulysses hopes to reunite with Achilles. This idea implies that death could be a reunion, allowing the heroic life to carry on instead of concluding. It gently softens the poem's recognition of mortality while still facing it head-on.
- The hearth
- The "still hearth" in the opening lines represents everything Ulysses wants to leave behind: domesticity, stability, and a settled life. In many cultures, the hearth symbolizes home and comfort, but for Ulysses, it feels like a prison. The very stillness of it is something he cannot tolerate.
§06Historical context
Historical context
§07FAQ
Questions readers ask
What is the poem actually about?
Ulysses, the Greek hero from the Odyssey, is back in Ithaca after years of adventures, but he finds everyday life intolerable. He chooses to embark on one final journey into the unknown, assembles his old crew, and gives a speech about the importance of striving and seeking, even in old age and with death looming. While it reads like a powerful monologue from a legendary figure, it's really Tennyson grappling with his own grief and searching for motivation to carry on after losing his best friend.
Why did Tennyson write this poem?
His closest friend, Arthur Henry Hallam, passed away unexpectedly in 1833 at the young age of 22. Tennyson penned "Ulysses" just days after receiving the news. He later mentioned that the poem captured his "need of going forward" — it served as a way to pull himself out of despair. By using a legendary hero, he found a way to express himself, but the feelings behind it are deeply personal.
What does "To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield" mean?
It's the essence of the poem captured in a single line. Striving signifies putting in the effort, seeking reflects a sense of curiosity, finding represents the achievement of something tangible, and not yielding stands for the determination to persevere, even in tough times, old age, or when death approaches. Tennyson places it at the end, giving it the weight of a conclusion to the argument he's developed throughout the poem.
Is Ulysses a reliable narrator? Is he actually a good person?
This is one of the most hotly debated questions about the poem. Ulysses is charming, and his speech is captivating, but consider what he’s really doing: leaving his wife, giving up his kingdom, and taking old men on a possibly deadly journey because he can’t bear to stay home. Some readers see him as truly heroic; others view him as selfish and self-serving. Tennyson likely meant for him to be admirable, but the poem is complex enough to allow for both interpretations.
What is the role of Telemachus in the poem?
Telemachus is Ulysses' son, and he features in a brief part of the poem where Ulysses passes the kingdom to him. The admiration Ulysses expresses for him — dutiful, decent, steady, skilled at "common duties" — is sincere but also highlights their differences. Telemachus embodies the stable, responsible life that Ulysses is leaving behind. While he isn't criticized, it's clear that he's not the type of person Ulysses relates to or aspires to be.
What form is the poem written in?
It's a dramatic monologue written in blank verse — unrhymed iambic pentameter. Each line has about ten syllables in a da-DUM da-DUM rhythm, but it doesn’t follow a rhyme scheme. This absence of rhyme creates a conversational, speech-like feel, fitting for a poem that is essentially a speech. Tennyson was a master of sound, and even without rhyme, the poem is rich with intentional rhythmic effects, especially in the final lines where the meter becomes especially steady and powerful.
What does "I am a part of all that I have met" mean?
Ulysses expresses that every experience, person, and place he's come across has contributed to his identity. He hasn't merely watched the world go by — it has influenced him deeply. This also suggests that no experience is wasted: even pain and challenges have played a role in shaping him. The line is frequently cited on its own because it reveals a profound truth about how we build our identities through our lived experiences.
What are the Happy Isles?
In Greek mythology, the Happy Isles (also known as the Isles of the Blessed or Elysium) were a paradise located in the far west, where great heroes went after they died. Ulysses considers them as a possible destination, expressing a hope to see Achilles there. This idea acknowledges the journey could lead to death, but it reimagines death as another adventure—a reunion with old friends instead of a final goodbye.
Citation
Cite this poem
MLA
Tennyson, Alfred, Lord. "Ulysses." Storgy, https://storgy.com/poems/ulysses-lord-alfred-tennyson/.
APA
Tennyson, A. L. (n.d.). Ulysses. Storgy. https://storgy.com/poems/ulysses-lord-alfred-tennyson/
Row A — Thesis
1 ptIn 'Ulysses,' Tennyson employs the dramatic monologue form to reveal a heroic self-image fraught with contradictions: Ulysses expresses an insatiable desire for experience—'always roaming with a hungry heart'—yet his restlessness appears …
- Row B — Evidence + Commentary4 pts
- Row C — Sophistication1 pt
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