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The Annotated Edition

Ulysses by Lord Alfred Tennyson

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Ulysses, the famed king of Ithaca, is tired of staying home and doing nothing after his many adventures.

Core theme
Freedom
The PoemFull text

Ulysses

Lord Alfred Tennyson

It little profits that an idle king, By this still hearth, among these barren crags, Match'd with an aged wife, I mete and dole Unequal laws unto a savage race, That hoard, and sleep, and feed, and know not me. I cannot rest from travel: I will drink Life to the lees: all times I have enjoy'd Greatly, have suffer'd greatly, both with those That loved me, and alone; on shore, and when Thro' scudding drifts the rainy Hyades Vext the dim sea: I am become a name; For always roaming with a hungry heart Much have I seen and known; cities of men And manners, climates, councils, governments, Myself not least, but honour'd of them all; And drunk delight of battle with my peers, Far on the ringing plains of windy Troy. I am a part of all that I have met; Yet all experience is an arch wherethro' Gleams that untravell'd world, whose margin fades For ever and for ever when I move. How dull it is to pause, to make an end, To rust unburnish'd, not to shine in use! As tho' to breathe were life. Life piled on life Were all too little, and of one to me Little remains: but every hour is saved From that eternal silence, something more, A bringer of new things; and vile it were For some three suns to store and hoard myself, And this gray spirit yearning in desire To follow knowledge, like a sinking star, Beyond the utmost bound of human thought. This is my son, mine own Telemachus, To whom I leave the sceptre and the isle— Well-loved of me, discerning to fulfil This labour, by slow prudence to make mild A rugged people, and thro' soft degrees Subdue them to the useful and the good. Most blameless is he, centred in the sphere Of common duties, decent not to fail In offices of tenderness, and pay Meet adoration to my household gods When I am gone. He works his work, I mine. There lies the port: the vessel puffs her sail: There gloom the dark broad seas. My mariners, Souls that have toil'd, and wrought, and thought with me— That ever with a frolic welcome took The thunder and the sunshine, and opposed Free hearts, free foreheads—you and I are old; Old age hath yet his honour and his toil; Death closes all: but something ere the end, Some work of noble note, may yet be done, Not unbecoming men that strove with Gods. The lights begin to twinkle from the rocks: The long day wanes: the slow moon climbs: the deep Moans round with many voices. Come, my friends, 'Tis not too late to seek a newer world. Push off, and sitting well in order smite The sounding furrows; for my purpose holds To sail beyond the sunset, and the baths Of all the western stars, until I die. It may be that the gulfs will wash us down: It may be we shall touch the Happy Isles, And see the great Achilles, whom we knew. Tho' much is taken, much abides; and tho' We are not now that strength which in old days Moved earth and heaven; that which we are, we are; One equal temper of heroic hearts, Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.

Public domain

Sourced from Project Gutenberg

§01Quick summary

What this poem is about

Ulysses, the famed king of Ithaca, is tired of staying home and doing nothing after his many adventures. He decides to set sail into the unknown one last time before he dies. He entrusts his kingdom to his son Telemachus, gathers his old crew, and proclaims that despite their age and weariness, they still have the spirit to continue. The poem serves as a heartfelt plea for never giving up on life.

§02Themes

Recurring themes

§03Line by line

Stanza by stanza, with notes

  1. It little profits that an idle king, / By this still hearth, among these barren crags,

    Editor's note

    Ulysses begins by voicing his dissatisfaction with his life. Despite being a king, he finds the role pointless—spending his days by a fire, governing people he views as uncivilized, stuck with an aging wife, and feeling stagnant. The term "idle" carries significant weight for him: it represents not only boredom but also a sense of moral failure. He then shifts his focus to his past, recounting a life filled with rich experiences—adventures, battles, hardships, and joys—and asserts, "I am become a name," suggesting that his fame has grown so vast it feels almost detached from his identity. The mention of the Hyades, a star cluster linked to rain and storms, indicates that Ulysses has navigated through genuine peril, not just calm waters.

  2. Myself not least, but honour'd of them all; / And drunk delight of battle with my peers,

    Editor's note

    Here, Ulysses reflects on how his experiences have shaped him. He's received honors everywhere, fought at Troy, and taken in the world around him — "I am a part of all that I have met." But then comes a pivotal moment: instead of feeling fulfilled, each experience only uncovers more unknowns, like an arch that always leads to a new horizon. The thought of stopping — resting, breathing without striving — almost repulses him. "To rust unburnish'd, not to shine in use" stands out as one of the poem's most striking lines: a sword left in its scabbard will corrode, and Ulysses refuses to be that sword. He yearns to pursue knowledge "like a sinking star" — always just ahead, constantly driving him forward.

  3. This is my son, mine own Telemachus, / To whom I leave the sceptre and the isle—

    Editor's note

    Ulysses turns to speak with his son Telemachus, and the tone shifts to one that feels almost clinical. He acknowledges Telemachus as steady, dutiful, and effective in the gradual process of governance, but there’s a subtle sharpness to his praise. Terms like "decent," "common duties," and "soft degrees" imply that while Ulysses respects his son, he doesn't fully grasp him. The phrase "He works his work, I mine" stands out: it creates a stark, almost cold distinction between their contrasting temperaments. Ulysses isn't harsh towards Telemachus, but it's clear they are fundamentally different.

  4. There lies the port: the vessel puffs her sail: / There gloom the dark broad seas.

    Editor's note

    The poem transitions into its final movement as Ulysses speaks directly to his mariners. The imagery comes alive — a real harbor, a real ship, and the sea growing darker around them. He acknowledges their age and the inevitability of death, yet he believes there are still meaningful actions to take before it arrives. "Not unbecoming men that strove with Gods" serves as a powerful reminder of their identity: they’ve confronted the extraordinary before. The evening scene — with twinkling lights, the rising moon, and the moaning sea — lends the speech a farewell, almost mournful tone, even as Ulysses emphasizes the need to move forward.

  5. The sounding furrows; for my purpose holds / To sail beyond the sunset,

    Editor's note

    The final push. Ulysses outlines their destination — beyond the sunset, past the western stars, perhaps to the Happy Isles (the classical afterlife for heroes) where he might meet Achilles again. He acknowledges that the journey could be fatal: "the gulfs will wash us down." Yet, the poem concludes not with fear or uncertainty, but with one of the most famous closing lines in English poetry. "Tho' much is taken, much abides" — they've lost strength, youth, and time, but something vital endures. "To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield" captures the poem's core message in just ten words: keep pushing forward, no matter the obstacles.

§04Tone & mood

How this poem feels

The tone is restless and intense throughout — this is a man who can’t seem to settle down, even in a poem. In the opening section, it shifts to disdain, as Ulysses gazes at his home life with barely hidden contempt. When he reminisces about his past adventures, the tone becomes almost ecstatic. The Telemachus section takes on a cooler, more measured tone, almost businesslike. Then, the final address to the mariners gradually builds from quiet determination into something truly stirring — not quite triumphant, as Ulysses never pretends the journey will be easy or that they’ll necessarily survive, but defiant and clear-eyed. It’s the tone of someone who has considered this deeply and is at peace with the risks involved.

§05Symbols & metaphors

Symbols & metaphors

The arch
"All experience is an arch wherethro' / Gleams that untravell'd world" — here, the arch symbolizes the nature of knowledge for Ulysses. Each answer leads to another question, and every destination uncovers a new horizon. This perfectly encapsulates his sense of restlessness: experience doesn’t limit understanding; instead, it highlights even more of the unknown.
Rust and shine
"To rust unburnish'd, not to shine in use" evokes the image of a metal blade. A sword that remains idle will corrode, while one that sees battle remains bright. For Ulysses, inactivity isn’t restful — it leads to decay. This imagery links purpose to vitality and contrasts stillness with a form of death.
The sinking star
Knowledge is often seen as "a sinking star" — constantly drifting away, perpetually just out of reach. It represents a pursuit that can never truly be fulfilled, yet for Ulysses, this isn't a cause for despair but rather a source of inspiration. The very idea of it sinking also suggests mortality: the chase will conclude when he does.
The sunset and western stars
In classical tradition, the west is where the dead go — the Happy Isles are beyond the sunset. Ulysses' destination represents more than just a place; it's symbolic. He’s sailing toward death itself, embracing it as yet another adventure instead of something to fear.
The Happy Isles
The classical paradise for heroes after death, where Ulysses hopes to reunite with Achilles. This idea implies that death could be a reunion, allowing the heroic life to carry on instead of concluding. It gently softens the poem's recognition of mortality while still facing it head-on.
The hearth
The "still hearth" in the opening lines represents everything Ulysses wants to leave behind: domesticity, stability, and a settled life. In many cultures, the hearth symbolizes home and comfort, but for Ulysses, it feels like a prison. The very stillness of it is something he cannot tolerate.

§06Historical context

Historical context

Tennyson wrote "Ulysses" in 1833, just days after the sudden death of his closest friend, Arthur Henry Hallam, who was only 22. The poem poured out of him in a rush of grief, and Tennyson later noted that it captured his own "need of going forward and braving the struggle of life" in the wake of that tragedy. He drew inspiration from Homer's Odyssey and, more directly, from Dante's Inferno, where Ulysses recounts his final, fatal journey into the unknown. Released in 1842, the poem quickly became one of the key texts representing Victorian ambition and endurance. It exists in a fascinating tension: while it celebrates relentless striving, aligning perfectly with Victorian ideals of progress and empire, it also serves as a grief poem in disguise, crafted by a young man trying to persuade himself to keep going after profound loss. This duality—public heroism alongside private sorrow—is a significant reason for its enduring power.

§07FAQ

Questions readers ask

Ulysses, the Greek hero from the Odyssey, is back in Ithaca after years of adventures, but he finds everyday life intolerable. He chooses to embark on one final journey into the unknown, assembles his old crew, and gives a speech about the importance of striving and seeking, even in old age and with death looming. While it reads like a powerful monologue from a legendary figure, it's really Tennyson grappling with his own grief and searching for motivation to carry on after losing his best friend.

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