The Annotated Edition
To Perdita, Singing by James Russell Lowell
A man listens to a woman named Perdita sing, and her voice is so beautiful that it transports him back to the emotions and scenes of his childhood.
- Core theme
- Beauty
Study actions
§01Quick summary
What this poem is about
§02Themes
Recurring themes
§03Line by line
Stanza by stanza, with notes
Thy voice is like a fountain, / Leaping up in clear moonshine;
Editor's note
Lowell starts with the poem's main image: Perdita's singing voice is like a fountain. The moonlit backdrop adds a cool, otherworldly vibe. The fountain has a rhythmic rise and fall — "ever mounting, ever sinking" — reflecting how a singing voice naturally ebbs and flows. The phrase "without thinking" is crucial; her voice springs from instinct rather than effort, flowing from a "brimful heart." The stanza concludes by noting that every emotion she’s ever experienced — both smiles and tears — is intertwined with her singing, and this blend of joy and sorrow is likened to a swan and its shadow gliding across a tranquil river.
It hath caught a touch of sadness, / Yet it is not sad;
Editor's note
This is the philosophical heart of the poem. Lowell attempts to capture something truly elusive: a voice that embodies sadness without actually being sad, and gladness without being glad. He settles on the image of twilight — that transitional hour that isn't quite day or night. The voice is "over-grayed with memories" yet also "quivered through" with starry feelings, suggesting it carries the burden of the past while also holding something radiant at the same time.
Thy voice is like a fountain / Leaping up in sunshine bright,
Editor's note
The fountain image appears again, this time in daylight instead of moonlight — warmer and more immediate. Lowell mentions he never gets tired of listening, whether the voice delivers single clear notes or erupts into a full, rushing melody. The phrase "shooting in melodious light" blends sound and light into a single sensation, capturing a classic Romantic idea that presents music as something you can nearly visualize.
Thine is music such as yields / Feelings of old brooks and fields,
Editor's note
Here the poem shifts from describing the voice to illustrating its effect on the listener. Her singing fills a closed, stuffy room with the imagined scent and sensation of open woodland. The speaker then directly addresses her: "Oh, thus forever sing to me!" — asking her voice to revive the green grass, bright skies, and carefree joy of childhood. The word "emerald" for the grass, along with the notion of content that was "unsought" and "evergreen," paints childhood as a paradise that existed before self-consciousness set in.
Peace sits within thine eyes, / With white hands crossed in joyful rest,
Editor's note
Lowell gives Peace a human form, depicting her as a calm and still presence within Perdita. As the music swells around her, Peace directly addresses the reader, offering comfort: the lovely aspects of childhood — the summer light, the sounds of the forest, the fragrance of flowers, and the whispers of the spirit — have not vanished. They continue to exist in the person you have become. The "singing of the bird" in the closing lines symbolizes those formative experiences that shaped the speaker's inner world, subtly guiding him into old age, as reflected in the mention of "silver hairs."
Thy voice is like a fountain, / Twinkling up in sharp starlight,
Editor's note
The fountain image returns for a third and final time, this time illuminated by starlight with the moon concealed behind a mountain. The voice is characterized as "ever darkling, ever sparkling" — echoing that both/and quality from the second stanza. Then, the moon emerges from behind the mountain, casting a silver light over the fountain and turning it into "a waving silver flower." This creates a breathtaking closing image: the voice, at its fullest, transforms into something that blossoms.
§04Tone & mood
How this poem feels
§05Symbols & metaphors
Symbols & metaphors
- The fountain
- The poem's central image appears three times, each time illuminated differently by moonshine, sunshine, and starlight. The fountain represents Perdita's voice — constantly flowing, always returning to its origin, able to shine brightly or fade into a gentle trickle. Its transformation into "a waving silver flower" at the end hints that the voice, at its finest, evolves into something that blossoms and flourishes rather than merely flows.
- Twilight
- Used in the second stanza to convey the voice's emotional complexity — not completely sad or entirely happy. Twilight represents the transition between states, and Lowell employs it to express that the most genuine music exists in that gray area where joy and sorrow intertwine.
- The swan and its shadow
- A paired image for feeling and music: the swan moves gracefully, while its shadow follows closely, inseparable. Together, they glide on a tranquil river, hinting that emotion and melody are not simply cause and effect but rather a single, unified experience.
- Green grass and bright blue skies
- Shorthand for the entire realm of childhood — its colors are vivid, its air is fresh, and its joy is "unforced." The speaker requests Perdita's voice to restore these feelings, suggesting they can be reclaimed through music, even if time can't bring them back.
- Peace (personified)
- Peace is depicted as a serene, white-armed figure resting inside Perdita with her wings folded, resembling an angel at ease. She articulates the poem's comforting message: nothing beautiful from the past is ever really lost. By giving Peace both a voice and a physical form, Lowell brings the concept to life, making it feel more tangible and relatable instead of merely theoretical.
- The singing bird
- In Peace's speech, a bird whose song "stilled thy boyish play" symbolizes those early, barely understood experiences that subtly shaped the speaker's character. Although the bird is gone, its music — its lasting impact — remains a part of who he is today.
§06Historical context
Historical context
§07FAQ
Questions readers ask
Who is Perdita?
Perdita is a name taken from Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale, where she is a princess raised as a shepherd girl—innocent, natural, and ultimately returned to her rightful position. Lowell employs the name as an idealized way to address a woman whose singing profoundly affects him. It’s likely a literary persona rather than referring to an actual person, selected for its associations with natural grace and something valuable that was once lost.
Why does Lowell compare the voice to a fountain three times?
The triple repetition is intentional and serves a structural purpose. Each time the fountain is mentioned, it shines in a different light — moonlight, sunlight, starlight — allowing Lowell to express the voice in various emotional tones: mysterious, warm, and ultimately transcendent. This refrain adds a musical quality to the poem, resembling a theme that reappears with variations, which is appropriate for a poem centered around singing.
What does the second stanza mean when it says the voice is sad but not sad, glad but not glad?
Lowell is exploring the emotional depth of great music. A voice that expresses just sadness or just happiness is straightforward but lacks intrigue. Perdita's voice embodies both emotions simultaneously, much like twilight blends day and night. He refers to it as a "dim, sweet twilight voice" — a sound that exists in the space between feelings rather than clearly belonging to one.
What is the poem really about — is it about the singer or about the listener?
It begins as a portrait of the singer but slowly transforms into a poem about the impact her singing has on the speaker. By the third stanza, he is urging her to "bring to me" the lush green grass and vibrant skies of his childhood. In the end, the poem captures the listener's deep longing — his wish to reclaim a sense of effortless, unselfconscious joy tied to his youth.
Who is 'Peace' in the fifth stanza, and why does she speak?
Peace personifies an abstract quality, providing it with a body and a voice. Lowell envisions her sitting within Perdita, calm and still with folded wings, as the music swells around her. Peace then shares the poem's main message: the joyful moments of childhood aren’t lost; they continue to exist within you. By giving Peace a voice, Lowell transforms this idea into something you listen to rather than just contemplate.
What does 'forest oracles sublime / That filled thy soul with joyous dread' mean?
This describes the moments in childhood when nature felt both overwhelming and intriguingly mysterious — like standing in a forest and sensing something vast and unknowable. "Joyous dread" captures the Romantic idea of the sublime: a thrilling awe that doesn’t bring fear. Lowell suggests that Perdita's voice holds echoes of those formative experiences with the natural world.
What is the effect of the final image — the fountain becoming 'a waving silver flower'?
It marks the peak of the poem. Throughout, the fountain has been a dynamic, flowing entity. When the moon rises and bathes it in light, the fountain transforms into a blooming flower. This change from liquid movement to floral shape implies that the voice, at its brightest and most vibrant, evolves into something that grows and unfolds rather than merely flowing. Lowell conveys that the voice reaches a certain perfection.
Is this poem a love poem?
It sits on the border. The speaker clearly has strong feelings for Perdita, and the last lines of the fourth stanza invite her to sing emotions "into the bosom of my love." However, the main sentiment is less about romantic desire and more about a profound gratitude — the speaker appreciates how her voice affects him, as it reconnects him to his childhood. This poem is just as much about music and memory as it is about a person.
Citation
Cite this poem
MLA
Lowell, James Russell. "To Perdita, Singing." Storgy, https://storgy.com/poems/to-perdita-singing-james-russell-lowell/.
APA
Lowell, J. R. (n.d.). To perdita, singing. Storgy. https://storgy.com/poems/to-perdita-singing-james-russell-lowell/
Row A — Thesis
1 ptIn 'To Perdita, Singing,' James Russell Lowell constructs a speaker whose encounter with a woman's voice becomes the vehicle for recovering a self otherwise exiled from its own past: through a sustained analogy between voice and fountain, …
- Row B — Evidence + Commentary4 pts
- Row C — Sophistication1 pt
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