The Annotated Edition
Prophecies: Prophecy is not only prediction, but also any by James Russell Lowell
This piece isn't a standalone poem; it's a prose note by James Russell Lowell that clarifies the meaning of "prophecy" while linking it to the themes in his longer poem *The Vision of Sir Launfal*.
- Core theme
- Courage
Study actions
§01Quick summary
What this poem is about
§02Themes
Recurring themes
§03Line by line
Stanza by stanza, with notes
"Are we, then, wholly fallen? Can it be / That thou, North wind..."
Editor's note
These lines from *Freedom* begin by directly challenging the reader. Lowell speaks to the North wind and the sea, inviting them to witness American ideals. He questions whether nature's persistent call for liberty has fallen on deaf ears, as people have become so accustomed to the sound of slavery's chains that they no longer care. The accumulation of rhetorical questions builds a sense of moral urgency.
"Ours if we be strong; / Or if we shrink, better remount our ships..."
Editor's note
Here, Lowell presents a clear choice: America can seize its promising future by showing courage, or it can turn its back on the whole endeavor and retreat to Europe in disgrace. The portrayal of the Mayflower sailing backward is intentionally degrading—it implies that a nation too afraid to confront slavery forfeits the legacy of its founders. The phrase 'God's express design' positions freedom not merely as a political option but as a moral duty.
While reading *Sir Launfal* the fact must be kept in mind...
Editor's note
This closing prose note provides important context: Lowell was writing anti-slavery journalism while he worked on *Sir Launfal*. Knowing this background alters our interpretation of the poem's idealism. The 'spirit of freedom and reform' wasn't just a literary stance for Lowell — it was part of his daily life at his desk.
§04Tone & mood
How this poem feels
§05Symbols & metaphors
Symbols & metaphors
- The North wind
- The North wind symbolizes the freedom and moral clarity that Lowell linked to the Northern states. By speaking to it directly, he suggests that nature supports abolition, which makes human indifference even more unjustifiable.
- The sea and its wreaths
- The sea throws 'wreaths of freedom' onto the rocks like offerings on an altar, transforming the American coastline into a sacred site. This imagery implies that freedom is more than just a political concept; it's almost religious, woven into the very landscape.
- The clank of chains
- The chains of slavery resonate here as a sound so persistent that those in the North have become desensitized to it. This image perfectly illustrates what Lowell detested: not the overt cruelty, but the comfortable indifference of those who have just stopped paying attention.
- The Mayflower sailing back to Europe
- Reversing the Mayflower's voyage paints a picture of complete national disgrace. The Pilgrims' journey represents the founding myth of America's purpose; retracing it implies acknowledging that the entire American experiment was a failure and a fraud.
- Europe's blood-red eclipse
- Europe in eclipse symbolizes the old world of tyranny and decline that America was meant to have left behind. Going back there isn't merely a retreat — it's a capitulation to everything the nation was founded to resist.
§06Historical context
Historical context
§07FAQ
Questions readers ask
What does Lowell mean by 'prophecy' here?
He sees prophecy as more than merely predicting what’s to come. For Lowell, a prophet is anyone who speaks with a deep, inspired moral authority — be it a preacher, a poet, or a reformer. By presenting his own poetry in this light, he asserts that writing against slavery is a sacred act, rather than just a political stance.
Why does Lowell address the wind and the sea directly?
It’s a rhetorical device known as apostrophe — addressing something that can't literally respond. By invoking nature as both a witness and an ally, Lowell suggests that the fight for freedom is not solely a human endeavor but is intertwined with the world around us. This also highlights the indifference of Northern people, making it appear even more troubling in comparison.
What is the 'clank of chains' referring to?
It directly references the chains of enslaved people. Lowell argues that Northerners had been exposed to slavery for so long that they became numb to it — the sound turned into background noise instead of a moral wake-up call.
What is the significance of the Mayflower image?
The Mayflower brought the Pilgrims to America and plays a key role in the national story of people escaping oppression to create a free society. Lowell argues that if America allows slavery to persist, it would be better to turn back and return to Europe. This paints a powerful picture of the nation betraying its own ideals.
How does this note connect to *The Vision of Sir Launfal*?
It shows that the poem emerged during a significant political time, penned by a man who was actively opposing slavery in his journalism. This context influences our understanding of Sir Launfal's themes of charity and moral duty — for Lowell, these weren't just abstract medieval concepts, but pressing issues of his day.
What does 'God's express design' mean?
Lowell viewed freedom as more than just a human desire; he saw it as integral to a divine plan for America. To shy away from the battle against slavery would be more than a political misstep; it would be a sin — a conscious rejection of what God envisioned for the nation.
Who was the audience Lowell was angry at?
Primarily, Northern white Americans who neither faced enslavement nor held slaves, yet remained indifferent to slavery or even opposed the abolitionist movement due to its disruptive nature. Lowell viewed their lack of commitment as a moral failure on par with actively participating in the system.
Is this passage a poem or prose?
It’s a blend. The excerpts from Freedom are written in verse, featuring a loose iambic rhythm and rhyme. The commentary around them is prose, acting as a critical or editorial note to aid readers in understanding The Vision of Sir Launfal. Lowell frequently intertwined his roles as poet, critic, and activist in this manner.
Citation
Cite this poem
MLA
Lowell, James Russell. "Prophecies: Prophecy is not only prediction, but also any." Storgy, https://storgy.com/poems/prophecies-prophecy-is-not-only-prediction-but-also-any-james-russell-lowell/.
APA
Lowell, J. R. (n.d.). Prophecies: prophecy is not only prediction, but also any. Storgy. https://storgy.com/poems/prophecies-prophecy-is-not-only-prediction-but-also-any-james-russell-lowell/
Row A — Thesis
1 ptIn this prophetic passage, Lowell transforms the conventional apostrophe to nature into a tribunal, indicting the Northern public's moral paralysis on slavery by arguing that the very landscape — wind, sea, mountain — has exhausted its …
- Row B — Evidence + Commentary4 pts
- Row C — Sophistication1 pt
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