The Annotated Edition
On the Medusa of Leonardo Da Vinci in the Florentine Gallery by Percy Bysshe Shelley
Shelley gazes at a painting he thinks is by Leonardo da Vinci, depicting the severed head of Medusa.
- Core theme
- Art
Study actions
§01Quick summary
What this poem is about
§02Themes
Recurring themes
§03Line by line
Stanza by stanza, with notes
It lieth, gazing on the midnight sky, / Upon the cloudy mountain-peak supine;
Editor's note
Shelley begins by portraying the Medusa head as if it were alive and at rest — lying on its back atop a mountain peak, gazing up at the night sky. The term *supine* (face-up) imparts a peculiar, passive dignity to the severed head. The lands below appear "tremblingly," suggesting the fear that this image evokes. Immediately, the poem's central paradox emerges: both its horror and beauty are labeled as "divine" — equally potent and beyond the scope of ordinary human understanding.
Yet it is less the horror than the grace / Which turns the gazer's spirit into stone,
Editor's note
This is the philosophical core of the poem. Shelley reinterprets the Medusa myth: while she typically turns people to stone through fear, in this version, it is her *grace* — her beauty — that petrifies. The notion is that beauty intertwined with pain is more intense than ugliness alone. The features of the face are said to be "graven" into the viewer's mind until thought itself disappears, suggesting that the image is so striking it overwhelms rational thought.
And from its head as from one body grow, / As ... grass out of a watery rock,
Editor's note
Now Shelley focuses on the snakes. He likens them to grass sprouting from wet rock — something natural and almost ordinary — before quickly reminding us that they are vipers. They twist, intertwine, and shine with what he describes as "mailed radiance" (armoured brightness). The term *involutions* encapsulates how the snakes continuously coil in on themselves. The last image of them "sawing" the air with their open jaws is strikingly violent, sharply contrasting with the beauty described in the previous stanza.
And, from a stone beside, a poisonous eft / Peeps idly into those Gorgonian eyes;
Editor's note
Shelley fills the scene with creatures under Medusa's influence. A small lizard (an *eft*) gazes into her eyes with an unsettling nonchalance. A bat, crazed by the peculiar light, flits from a cave like a moth lured to a flame. These animals respond instinctively—the bat is drawn to the deadly light, just as the human viewer is compelled to stare at the painting. The midnight sky itself "flares," hinting that the Medusa head emits a light more unsettling than darkness.
'Tis the tempestuous loveliness of terror; / For from the serpents gleams a brazen glare
Editor's note
The final stanza presents Shelley's most succinct expression of his theme: "the tempestuous loveliness of terror." The light reflected from the snakes transforms the air into a shifting mirror that reveals both beauty and terror simultaneously — they can't be separated. The poem concludes by reducing everything to its most basic, human elements: a woman's face, with snake hair, lifeless, gazing up at heaven from wet rocks. That last image is purposefully simple after all the intricate descriptions, making its impact all the more powerful.
§04Tone & mood
How this poem feels
§05Symbols & metaphors
Symbols & metaphors
- The Medusa head
- The severed head, the poem's central symbol, conveys the notion that beauty and terror are not opposing forces but rather two perspectives of the same reality. It also illustrates art's ability to transform something distressing into something captivating that you can't help but gaze at.
- The serpents / vipers
- The snakes aren’t merely terrifying decorations. They illustrate how beauty can be perilous — vibrant, twisting, and deadly — while also emitting the very light that lures creatures (and onlookers) to their own doom.
- Petrification (turning to stone)
- Shelley offers a new take on the myth's key moment. Being turned to stone signifies an experience where beauty and terror intertwine to the point that thought ceases. This serves as a metaphor for the immobilizing impact of sublime art.
- The bat and the eft (lizard)
- These small creatures represent the human viewer. They are irresistibly drawn to the dangerous light — the bat, much like a moth to a flame — illustrating that the urge to gaze at terrible beauty comes from instinct, not reason.
- The midnight sky
- The dark sky surrounds the Medusa head and is changed by it — the sky "flares" with a light that is "more dread than obscurity." Darkness would feel safer; it's the horrifying glow of the Gorgon that makes the night even more frightening than it already is.
- The wet rocks
- The final image anchors the poem in a stark, physical reality after all its philosophical musings. The wet rocks serve as a reminder that this is a dead woman's head — mortal, material, and resting in the dark — which makes the beauty described throughout the poem feel even more poignant and unsettling.
§06Historical context
Historical context
§07FAQ
Questions readers ask
What is the poem actually about — is it just describing a painting?
It begins with a description of the painting, but soon shifts into a discussion about beauty and terror. Shelley's main focus is the notion that the deepest beauty can also be unsettling—that horror and grace are intertwined rather than opposing forces. The painting serves as his starting point, not the end of his exploration.
Why does Shelley say it is beauty, not horror, that turns the gazer to stone?
He is reinterpreting the Medusa myth to convey a philosophical idea. In the original story, Medusa's ugliness and monstrousness turn people to stone. Shelley presents a different perspective: it's the grace in her face — the lingering human beauty that remains even in death, even among the serpents — that is genuinely staggering. You can turn away from pure horror, but beauty intertwined with horror captivates you entirely.
Was the painting really by Leonardo da Vinci?
No. The painting Shelley saw in the Uffizi was considered to be by Leonardo during his time, but today’s art historians think it was actually created by a Flemish artist, likely in the late 16th century. This misattribution doesn’t change the poem’s meaning, but it’s interesting to note that Shelley was reacting to what he thought was a Leonardo. The prestige associated with that name influenced his perspective on the work.
What does 'tempestuous loveliness of terror' mean?
It’s Shelley's most concise expression of the poem's core idea. Tempestuous refers to something stormy, violent, and overwhelming. He suggests that the beauty here isn’t serene or soft—it’s a forceful beauty that strikes you like a storm, intertwined with the fear it brings. This phrase conveys how the painting evokes two opposing feelings simultaneously, making it impossible to distinguish between them.
What is ekphrasis, and is this poem an example of it?
Ekphrasis involves crafting a poem (or any form of writing) as a response to a visual artwork — whether that means describing it, interpreting it, or even debating it. This poem serves as a prime example of that practice. Notable works in this genre include Keats's Ode on a Grecian Urn and Auden's Musée des Beaux Arts. What sets Shelley's version apart is that he goes beyond mere description of the painting; he leverages it to develop a philosophical argument.
Why are there gaps (ellipses) in the text of the poem?
The ellipses indicate areas where the manuscript was damaged or hard to read when Mary Shelley got the poem ready for publication after Shelley’s death. Since Shelley never completed or refined the poem himself, some words are unfortunately missing. The gaps in stanzas 3 and 5 stand out the most — editors have speculated over the years, but no one knows for sure what words Shelley meant to include.
What is the significance of the bat and the lizard in stanza 4?
They are both creatures irresistibly drawn to the Medusa's perilous light — the bat is explicitly likened to a moth flitting toward a candle flame. Shelley employs them to illustrate that the urge to gaze at something both terrible and beautiful isn't a rational decision; it's instinctual. They reflect the human viewer who can't help but stare at the painting and can't stop reading the poem.
How does this poem connect to Shelley's other work?
The blend of beauty and terror is a recurring theme in much of Shelley's poetry. You can see this in Mont Blanc, where the mountain embodies both the sublime and indifference, and in Prometheus Unbound, where suffering and transcendence are inextricably linked. Shelley also had a strong fascination with classical mythology and believed in art's ability to transform painful subjects into something that resonates with us. This poem encapsulates the themes he revisited throughout his career.
Citation
Cite this poem
MLA
Shelley, Percy Bysshe. "On the Medusa of Leonardo Da Vinci in the Florentine Gallery." Storgy, https://storgy.com/poems/on-the-medusa-of-leonardo-da-vinci-in-the-florentine-gallery-percy-bysshe-shelley/.
APA
Shelley, P. B. (n.d.). On the medusa of leonardo da vinci in the florentine gallery. Storgy. https://storgy.com/poems/on-the-medusa-of-leonardo-da-vinci-in-the-florentine-gallery-percy-bysshe-shelley/
Row A — Thesis
1 ptIn 'On the Medusa of Leonardo da Vinci in the Florentine Gallery,' Shelley argues that the highest aesthetic terror petrifies rather than repels: beauty and horror fuse so completely in the painting that the viewer is unmade by the very …
- Row B — Evidence + Commentary4 pts
- Row C — Sophistication1 pt
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