The Annotated Edition
HIAWATHA'S FRIENDS by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
This part of Longfellow's epic poem introduces Hiawatha's two closest friends: Chibiabos, a musician whose talent is so remarkable that even nature pauses to hear him, and Kwasind, a man with incredible strength who appears lazy until you witness his true capabilities.
- Themes
- art, friendship, identity
§01Quick summary
What this poem is about
§02Themes
Recurring themes
§03Line by line
Stanza by stanza, with notes
Two good friends had Hiawatha, / Singled out from all the others,
Editor's note
Longfellow starts off by immediately introducing us to Hiawatha's two friends, who are distinct from the rest. The expression "right hand of his heart" is a lovely way to convey both loyalty and deep affection. We also catch our first glimpse of what keeps this friendship strong: there’s no room for gossips or troublemakers to come between them.
Most beloved by Hiawatha / Was the gentle Chibiabos,
Editor's note
Longfellow presents Chibiabos using a series of contrasts — brave yet gentle, flexible yet dignified — to highlight how his character embodies a balance of opposites. By comparing him to a willow wand and a deer with antlers, he grounds Chibiabos in the natural world, which is significant because his music will soon be revealed to communicate directly with nature.
When he sang, the village listened; / All the warriors gathered round him,
Editor's note
Music serves as a unifying force here. Warriors and women, the strong and the gentle, all respond to Chibiabos in the same way. Longfellow chooses the verb "stirred" to convey passion and "melted" to express pity — active, physical words that make the emotional impact of the music feel almost tangible.
From the hollow reeds he fashioned / Flutes so musical and mellow,
Editor's note
The flutes are crafted from nature, and nature reacts in a similar way. The brook, bluebird, robin, and whippoorwill each take a moment to pause or make a sound — a technique known as personification. Each animal requests Chibiabos to show it a different emotional tone: wildness, sweetness, sadness. Together, they explore the entire spectrum of emotions that great music can express.
Yes, the brook, the Sebowisha, / Pausing, said, "O Chibiabos,
Editor's note
This section has a formal, almost ritualistic feel — each creature gets its own stanza following the same structure. This repetition reflects the call-and-response style found in oral storytelling, echoing Longfellow's inspiration from the Finnish *Kalevala* and Indigenous oral traditions. Each creature's request reveals different aspects of music: it can flow, it can unleash wildness, it can offer comfort, and it can express sorrow.
All the many sounds of nature / Borrowed sweetness from his singing;
Editor's note
Longfellow concludes the Chibiabos section by highlighting the themes of his songs: peace, freedom, beauty, love, longing, death, and life after death. These are significant subjects. Chibiabos isn't merely an entertainer; he embodies the profound beliefs and hopes of his people, which is why Hiawatha holds him in such high regard.
Dear, too, unto Hiawatha / Was the very strong man, Kwasind,
Editor's note
The poem shifts focus to Kwasind, intentionally echoing the introduction of Chibiabos. While Chibiabos represents artistry, Kwasind embodies physical strength "allied to goodness"—showing that strength by itself isn't sufficient. Longfellow quickly adds complexity by noting that Kwasind appeared idle in his youth, hinting at a series of tales that will reveal a different story.
"Lazy Kwasind!" said his mother, / "In my work you never help me!
Editor's note
The mother’s complaint is clear and relatable — nets hanging wet at the door, ice needing to be broken in the winter. Kwasind's silence isn’t rudeness; it’s more of a controlled response. When he does finally take action, he wrings the nets with such force that he snaps them. His strength is so overwhelming that it seems out of place in everyday life. Longfellow uses this moment to reveal that Kwasind's seeming laziness is actually a form of careful self-restraint.
"Lazy Kwasind!" said his father, / "In the hunt you never help me;
Editor's note
The father's test leads Kwasind into the forest, where a blocked trail halts ordinary men in their tracks. The father lights his pipe and settles in—there's nothing to do but wait. Yet, before he finishes his smoke, Kwasind has cleared the whole path, tossing pine trees aside like arrows and hurling cedars like lances. The similes are quick and energetic, matching the pace of Kwasind's efforts.
"Lazy Kwasind!" said the young men, / As they sported in the meadow:
Editor's note
The young men’s taunt marks the third and final "Lazy Kwasind!" challenge, and Longfellow's use of repetition is intentional—it follows the folktale tradition where the third test is the most intense. Kwasind rips a boulder from the earth and hurls it into the river, which Longfellow notes can still be seen during summer. This detail grounds the legend in a tangible, observable setting.
Once as down that foaming river, / Down the rapids of Pauwating,
Editor's note
The beaver hunt stands out as Kwasind's greatest achievement, showcasing not only his strength but also his endurance and courage—he stays underwater so long that his companions worry he has drowned. When he triumphantly returns with the King of Beavers on his shoulders, it's a classic hero's moment, yet Longfellow presents it in a straightforward way. Kwasind doesn't brag about his success, and that humility is what earns him Hiawatha's friendship.
And these two, as I have told you, / Were the friends of Hiawatha,
Editor's note
The closing stanza revisits the opening, repeating the names and the phrase "spake with naked hearts together." This structural choice reflects the oral epic tradition, as the storyteller brings the audience back to what they've already heard. Instead of an adventurous conclusion, the final image depicts three friends sitting together, contemplating how to improve life for their community.
§04Tone & mood
How this poem feels
§05Symbols & metaphors
Symbols & metaphors
- The pathway between friends
- "Straight between them ran the pathway, / Never grew the grass upon it" vividly illustrates a dynamic, thriving friendship. A path remains clear only when people continue to walk it. If grass starts to grow over a path, it signifies neglect and abandonment. This single image encapsulates how Hiawatha, Chibiabos, and Kwasind nurture their connection.
- Chibiabos's flute
- Made from hollow reeds—materials sourced directly from nature—the flute embodies the notion that true art emerges from the world rather than imposing itself on it. The idea that nature falls silent to listen implies that great art complements the world instead of competing with it.
- The boulder in the river
- Kwasind's thrown rock, which can still be seen in the summer, symbolizes a strength that is free of ego. He doesn’t throw it to boast — he throws it because the young men dared him, and he just answers the challenge. The rock's presence in the river connects the legend to an actual location, grounding the story in reality.
- The King of Beavers
- Ahmeek, the King of Beavers, is more than just a big animal. In various Indigenous traditions, beavers represent hard work and the stewardship of water. When Kwasind catches the King of Beavers, it shows his mastery over nature, but his silent approach and lack of showiness reflect his humility.
- "Naked hearts"
- The phrase "spake with naked hearts together" appears twice, framing the entire poem. It conveys the idea of total honesty—no pretense, no self-defense. Amid all the remarkable gifts in the poem (like music and strength), Longfellow emphasizes that the most crucial element between friends is the genuine willingness to be completely open with one another.
- The Islands of the Blessed / Ponemah
- Chibiabos sings about an afterlife — a place we call the Hereafter. These images serve as symbols of hope and continuity. They remind us that his music does more than entertain; it binds the community's spiritual life, offering a way for people to reflect on death without falling into despair.
§06Historical context
Historical context
§07FAQ
Questions readers ask
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