Skip to content
Storgy

The Annotated Edition

Fagots for a witch: The introduction of this witch element into a by James Russell Lowell

Summary, meaning, line-by-line analysis & FAQ.

Read aloud in ~3 minOpen reading mode →

This text consists of editorial notes by James Russell Lowell, along with comments from others, that introduce and explain some of his poems.

Poet
James Russell Lowell
Themes
art, beauty, identity
The PoemFull text

Fagots for a witch: The introduction of this witch element into a

James Russell Lowell

Greek legend rather mars the consistency of the poem. Lowell finally substituted for the stanza the following: "Upon an empty tortoise-shell He stretched some chords, and drew Music that made men's bosoms swell Fearless, or brimmed their eyes with dew." _HEBE_ Lowell suggests in this dainty symbolical lyric his conception of the poet's inspiration. Hebe was cup-bearer to the gods of Olympus, in Greek mythology, and poured for them their nectar. She was also the goddess of eternal youth. By an extension of the symbolism she becomes goddess of the eternal joyousness of the poetic gift. The "influence fleet" is the divine afflatus that fills the creative mind of the poet. But Pegasus cannot be made to work in harness at will. True inspiration comes only in choice moments. Coy Hebe cannot be wooed violently. Elsewhere he says of the muse: "Harass her not; thy heat and stir But greater coyness breed in her." "Follow thy life," he says, "be true to thy best self, then Hebe will bring her choicest ambrosia." That is-- "Make thyself rich, and then the Muse Shall court thy precious interviews, Shall take thy head upon her knee, And such enchantment lilt to thee, That thou shalt hear the life-blood flow From farthest stars to grass-blades low." _TO THE DANDELION_ Four stanzas were added to this poem after its first appearance, the sixth, seventh, eighth and tenth, but in the finally revised edition these were cut out, very likely because Lowell regarded them as too didactic. Indeed the poem is complete and more artistic without them. "Of Lowell's earlier pieces," says Stedman, "the one which shows the finest sense of the poetry of nature is that addressed _To the Dandelion_. The opening phrase ranks with the selectest of Wordsworth and Keats, to whom imaginative diction came intuitively, and both thought and language are felicitous throughout. This poem contains many of its author's peculiar beauties and none of his faults; it was the outcome of the mood that can summon a rare spirit of art to express the gladdest thought and most elusive feeling."

Public domain

Sourced from Project Gutenberg

§01Quick summary

What this poem is about

This text consists of editorial notes by James Russell Lowell, along with comments from others, that introduce and explain some of his poems. These include a lyric about Hebe, the Greek goddess of youth, and another about the dandelion. The main idea is that genuine poetic inspiration can't be forced; it comes naturally, like a shy goddess who shows up only when the poet has lived authentically and fully. You might consider it Lowell's personal guide on the true nature of poetry.

§02Themes

Recurring themes

§03Line by line

Stanza by stanza, with notes

  1. Greek legend rather mars the consistency of the poem. Lowell finally substituted for the stanza the following:

    Editor's note

    This opening section serves as an editorial note about a revision Lowell made to an earlier poem. He believed that adding Greek mythology to a poem not originally designed for it created an awkward inconsistency, so he replaced the problematic stanza with four lines about a tortoise-shell lyre — an image based on the myth of Hermes inventing the lyre, which fits more seamlessly. The new lines portray music so powerful that it can inspire courage in men or bring them to tears.

  2. "Upon an empty tortoise-shell / He stretched some chords, and drew"

    Editor's note

    These are the four replacement lines Lowell chose. The tortoise-shell lyre is a classic symbol — Hermes is known for crafting the first lyre from a tortoise shell. The music here does two contrasting things simultaneously: it instills fearlessness in men *and* brings tears to their eyes. That dual effect is the essence of it — great art doesn’t simply uplift you or solely evoke sadness; it fully opens you up.

  3. Lowell suggests in this dainty symbolical lyric his conception of the poet's inspiration. Hebe was cup-bearer to the gods of Olympus...

    Editor's note

    The commentary on *Hebe* explores Lowell's main metaphor. Hebe, the goddess of eternal youth and cup-bearer for the Olympian gods, symbolizes poetic inspiration. The nectar she pours represents the 'divine afflatus' — the creative energy that fills a poet's mind. The note emphasizes that this gift cannot be summoned at will; Hebe is 'coy' and can't be pursued.

  4. "Harass her not; thy heat and stir / But greater coyness breed in her."

    Editor's note

    Lowell quotes himself here to strengthen his argument. Straining for inspiration often pushes it further away — the more you chase it, the more elusive the muse becomes. It takes a lot of honesty for a working poet to acknowledge this: effort alone isn't enough, and sometimes the smartest creative move is simply to ease up.

  5. "Follow thy life," he says, "be true to thy best self, then Hebe will bring her choicest ambrosia."

    Editor's note

    The prescription Lowell gives is to embrace life authentically instead of searching for poetic inspiration. By doing this, the muse will find *you*. The following quoted lines — about hearing 'the life-blood flow / From farthest stars to grass-blades low' — capture the reward: a sensitivity so profound that the poet senses a connection to everything, from the vast cosmos to an individual blade of grass.

  6. Four stanzas were added to this poem after its first appearance... but in the finally revised edition these were cut out...

    Editor's note

    The final section shifts to *To the Dandelion* and shows us Lowell's editorial discipline. After the poem debuted, he added four stanzas but later removed them because they were 'too didactic' — they spelled out the poem's meaning instead of allowing the imagery to convey it. This serves as a lesson in craft: a poem that lectures its reader is less effective than one that trusts the reader to engage emotionally.

  7. "Of Lowell's earlier pieces," says Stedman, "the one which shows the finest sense of the poetry of nature is that addressed To the Dandelion."

    Editor's note

    Critic Edmund Clarence Stedman's praise elevates *To the Dandelion* alongside Wordsworth and Keats — truly high praise. Stedman highlights the poem's opening phrase as an example of the instinctive, imaginative language that the great Romantics produced with ease. He concludes by describing the poem as 'the outcome of the mood that can summon a rare spirit of art' — returning to the *Hebe* theme that inspiration, when it strikes, creates something that appears effortless.

§04Tone & mood

How this poem feels

The tone is thoughtful and educational, yet always approachable. Lowell and his commentators discuss poetry like a skilled artisan sharing insights about their craft — they show real admiration for the challenges involved and true joy in those moments of creative success. There's a gentle humility in acknowledging that inspiration can't be forced, along with a comforting reminder to focus on living well and allowing creativity to come naturally.

§05Symbols & metaphors

Symbols & metaphors

Hebe
The Greek goddess of youth represents poetic inspiration—something divine, vibrant, and elusive. Her 'coyness' reflects how true creative energy can’t be forced into a routine.
The tortoise-shell lyre
An ancient depiction of the beginnings of music and poetry. Hermes crafted the first lyre from a tortoise shell, linking the creation of art to something primal, inventive, and transformative — transforming an empty shell into a vessel for deep emotion.
Nectar / ambrosia
The food and drink of the gods symbolize the pinnacle of poetic inspiration — not the ordinary skill a poet can muster through effort, but the exceptional, transcendent creations that seem like a blessing from a realm beyond oneself.
The dandelion
A common weed has become a topic of serious lyric poetry. It represents the idea that a poetic perspective can uncover beauty and meaning in the most ordinary and overlooked aspects of life — and that this kind of attentive appreciation is a form of artistic bravery.
Stars to grass-blades
The vertical distance from the farthest stars to a single blade of grass reflects the full scope of the poet's awareness when inspiration is vibrant—linked to both the cosmic and the microscopic simultaneously.

§06Historical context

Historical context

James Russell Lowell (1819–1891) was a key figure in the American literary scene during the nineteenth century, known as a poet, critic, and editor of *The Atlantic Monthly*, and later as a diplomat. This piece fits into a tradition where poets reflect on poetry itself, often referred to as *ars poetica*. Lowell drew heavily from classical mythology and the English Romantic tradition, evident in references to Hebe and Pegasus, as well as comparisons to Wordsworth and Keats. The notes display the Victorian tendency for thorough editorial commentary, but they also reveal a personal insight: Lowell believed that genuine living, rather than mere technical skill, is what truly inspires enduring poetry. The critic mentioned, Edmund Clarence Stedman, was a significant literary influencer in that era.

§07FAQ

Questions readers ask

Hebe was the goddess of eternal youth in Greek mythology and served as the cup-bearer, pouring nectar for the Olympian gods. Lowell draws on her character because she embodies two concepts he values: the divine gift of inspiration (the nectar she pours) and the youthful, joyful energy that sustains poetry. Her 'coyness' — the idea that she cannot be compelled — perfectly represents the elusive nature of genuine inspiration.

Read next

Poems in the same key

Similar poems

ODE TO A NIGHTINGALE. — John KeatsKubla Khan — Samuel Taylor ColeridgeTO A SKYLARK. — Percy Bysshe ShelleyArs Poetica — Archibald MacLeish

More by James Russell Lowell

Browse all James Russell Lowell poems →

Themes in this poem

Poems about artPoems about beautyPoems about identityPoems about nature