The Annotated Edition
A Fable for Critics by James Russell Lowell
*A Fable for Critics* is a long, comic poem where James Russell Lowell employs Apollo and various mythological figures to take a playful jab at the American literary scene of the 1840s — including its critics, poets, and their lofty pretensions.
- Core theme
- Art
Study actions
§01Quick summary
What this poem is about
§02Themes
Recurring themes
§03Line by line
Stanza by stanza, with notes
Phoebus, sitting one day in a laurel-tree's shade, / Was reminded of Daphne, of whom it was made,
Editor's note
Lowell begins with Apollo (Phoebus) lounging beneath a laurel tree—the same tree where the nymph Daphne was transformed while escaping his chase. This establishes the mythological backdrop for the entire poem. Apollo reflects on Daphne with a blend of self-pity and dark humor, drawing on her memory to fuel his 'Byronic' attitude. The puns kick off right away: 'taking their leaves,' 'making its bough,' 'bark is worse than her old bite'—Lowell is clearly reveling in his knack for cheesy wordplay.
Now, Daphne--before she was happily treeified-- / Over all other blossoms the lily had deified,
Editor's note
This stanza highlights the lily as Daphne's favorite flower and reveals why Apollo reaches for it when seeking romantic inspiration. The aside about whist-table trumps and the mention of Coleridge's *Christabel* reflect Lowell's tendency to show off, only to quickly poke fun at himself for it — a recurring theme throughout the poem. The stanza concludes with Apollo vowing to stare at a critical review just as he gazes into a lily, marking the first direct jab at literary critics.
Well, here, after all the bad rhyme I've been spinning, / I've got back at last to my story's beginning:
Editor's note
Lowell steps out from behind the myth and speaks directly to the reader, admitting he's been rambling. He likens Apollo's oracles to the tedious verse that annoyed the ancient Greeks, playfully noting that Apollo's lack of a beard (*imberbis*) and his son Aesculapius's old age are sources of vanity and unease. The main point of the stanza highlights Apollo's disdain for the poor poetry sent his way — the kind with awkward metre and no melody — paving the way for the critic character to make an entrance.
'Oh, weep with me, Daphne,' he sighed, 'for you know it's / A terrible thing to be pestered with poets!
Editor's note
Apollo vents to the unresponsive, wooden Daphne about the bad poets around him, and the punchline is that she can't reply — she's a tree. Lowell plays with the Byronic trope of lamenting lost love, poking fun at poets who rely on dramatic grievances to create. His extended metaphor about windmills and water-mills needing wind or water to grind grain suggests that inspiration requires a tangible source — ultimately, he identifies the lily as his own catalyst.
Now there happened to be among Phoebus's followers, / A gentleman, one of the omnivorous swallowers,
Editor's note
Here the poem's main satirical target appears: the Critic, presented through a humorous retelling of his past life as a donkey (playfully referencing metempsychosis, or the idea of souls moving from one body to another). The donkey-to-critic joke is Lowell's most pointed insult — the critic's stubbornness, loud braying, and tendency to carry the weight of others' work all stem from his former life. The lengthy series of rhymes ending in '-ion' and '-y on' intentionally showcases technical excess, poking fun at the kind of flashy yet hollow performance that the critic himself represents.
Through his babyhood no kind of pleasure he took / In any amusement but tearing a book;
Editor's note
Lowell explores the Critic's dreary childhood: no games, no mess, no fun — just reading *Viri Romae* in a corner while other boys played outside. He seemed born old, a prig from the start, destined either for the ministry or a life of pedantry. This illustrates Lowell's point that critics often lack the real-life experiences and emotional depth that genuine literature demands. The portrayal is harsh yet humorous, and the rhyme on 'edger-cate' (educate) stands out as one of the poem's boldest puns.
In this way our Hero got safely to college, / Where he bolted alike both his commons and knowledge;
Editor's note
The Critic goes to college and comes out as a 'reading-machine' — a person who has absorbed vast amounts of information without truly understanding any of it. His Latin speech is so convoluted that even Cicero would struggle to follow. Lowell references a Latin phrase about St. Benedict leaving Rome 'learnedly unlearned' to emphasize the irony: the Critic knows everything yet understands nothing. The A.B. degree is portrayed as a punchline — a certificate that proves he has a brain by showing how well he can confuse it.
'Twould be endless to tell you the things that he knew, / Each a separate fact, undeniably true,
Editor's note
This is the poem's sharpest critical point: the Critic has facts but lacks synthesis. He can apply established rules to familiar works, but when faced with something truly innovative — Lowell likens it to Le Verrier's newly found planet — he flounders. His reviews of fresh, original pieces resemble a flea's 'memories' of resting on Wordsworth: technically correct about the surface but utterly oblivious to the deeper essence. The flea imagery stands out as both one of the funniest and most cutting in the poem.
He meant well enough, but was still in the way, / As dunces still are, let them be where they may;
Editor's note
Lowell tones down the criticism a bit—the Critic doesn't mean any harm—but he argues that well-intentioned incompetence can be dangerous in its own right. The image of a fool at the North Pole who still manages to cause trouble illustrates this perfectly. The subsequent social scene (the Critic at a tea party, seizing on a misquoted Greek term, spoiling a romantic moment by correcting a mistake about sunflowers) is a biting domestic comedy that would have resonated with Lowell's audience.
Now, Apollo, who finds it convenient sometimes / To get his court clear of the makers of rhymes,
Editor's note
Apollo uses the Critic as a crowd-control device: the Critic's loud braying, his offers to read his reviews aloud, and his threats to recite bad manuscripts all effectively clear rooms of poets. This is Lowell's joke that bad criticism and bad poetry are equally intolerable, and that the Critic's greatest skill is as a repellent. The escalating weapons — bray, review, subscription pitch, foolscap letter — reach a comic climax where even the Muses plead for ether-soaked handkerchiefs.
I called this a 'Fable for Critics;' you think it's / More like a display of my rhythmical trinkets;
Editor's note
Lowell fully breaks the fourth wall, directly engaging the reader about the poem's lack of structure. He likens the plot to a melting icicle and encourages impatient readers to either skip ahead, use the pages to light a cigar, or even tear the poem apart. The references to Latin and French are playfully self-deprecating—Lowell mirrors the behavior he criticized in the Critic by loading the poem with erudite allusions—but the key difference is that he recognizes this and finds humor in it. This part of the poem is its most self-aware moment.
I'd apologize here for my many digressions. / Were it not that I'm certain to trip into fresh ones
Editor's note
Another layer of commentary on the poem's structure references Horace's idea that even Homer makes mistakes. Lowell argues that a poet can take breaks as long as the reader remains engaged — but if the reader dozes off as well, the book ends up collecting dust. This reflects both a defense of digression and a real worry about losing the audience, seamlessly shifting back to the main narrative with the line 'Once for all, to return, and to stay, will I, nill I.'
Once for all, to return, and to stay, will I, nill I-- / When Phoebus expressed his desire for a lily,
Editor's note
The Critic goes to get a lily for Apollo, taking enough time for Apollo to compose a few sonnets. Lowell takes this opportunity to explain Apollo's sonnet theory: it should rise like a wave and crash at the end with all its energy focused. This is one of the poem's rare instances of authentic, straightforward aesthetic reasoning. The story then continues with the entrance of 'Mr. D----' — generally recognized as the poet and editor Cornelius Mathews — along with his companion, a paranoid character fixated on negative reviews.
Apollo looked up, hearing footsteps approaching, / And slipped out of sight the new rhymes he was broaching,--
Editor's note
Apollo greets Mr. D---- with a formal courtesy, inquiring about news from New York (disguised as 'that suburb of London and Paris'). The companion — probably a caricature of Cornelius Mathews himself — is depicted as obsessively gathering negative reviews of his own writing, convinced they are part of a larger plot, and crafting anonymous letters to British journals. Lowell's Apollo offers a blunt assessment: an author who turns their bad reviews into a public drama only digs their own grave. The most effective response to harsh criticism is to remain silent and keep producing quality work.
'Well, perhaps so; meanwhile I have brought you a book, / Into which if you'll just have the goodness to look,
Editor's note
Mr. D---- is eager for Apollo to review his book and guarantees him a spot in the *Democratic Review*. Apollo's reply is crushing: he has already received forty-four copies, given most of them away, and the only person who accepted a copy has passed away. The quip about the British Museum ordering American books being the publisher's 'first tangible hope' for a sale hits hard at the narrow-mindedness and lack of ambition in the American literary scene. In response, Lowell suggests a humorous penal code where offenders are sentenced to read terrible books.
'But stay, here comes Tityrus Griswold, and leads on / The flocks whom he first plucks alive, and then feeds on,--
Editor's note
Rufus Griswold, the anthologist and literary gatekeeper, arrives with a group of poets — whom he 'plucks alive and then feeds on,' hinting at his tendency to extract poems for his anthologies while managing their reputations. This sets the stage for the poem's most famous part: a quick succession of portraits of American writers. Emerson is mentioned first, and Lowell's take is genuinely nuanced — he admires the richness of Emerson's prose and the depth of his finest poems, while also pointing out the lack of structural coherence and the cold, fossil-cabinet feel of his philosophical detachment.
'But, to come back to Emerson (whom, by the way, / I believe we left waiting),--his is, we may say,
Editor's note
Lowell sharpens his portrayal of Emerson, describing him as a 'Greek head on right Yankee shoulders,' a blend of Plotinus and Montaigne, a pagan who sees everything as part of himself. The most striking point is that Emerson 'builds glorious temples' but 'leaves never a doorway to get in a god' — suggesting that while his philosophy is magnificent, it remains disconnected from any real divinity or transcendence. Lowell then compares Emerson to Carlyle, ultimately stating that Carlyle is more of a man, while Emerson is more of an Emerson — a perfectly balanced non-answer that captures the essence of Emerson himself.
§04Tone & mood
How this poem feels
§05Symbols & metaphors
Symbols & metaphors
- The laurel tree / Daphne
- The laurel is a classic symbol of poetic success, yet Lowell highlights that it also represents a woman who has been transformed—an inspiration that is now frozen, silenced, and objectified. Apollo's failure to communicate with the tree reflects the Critic's struggle to engage with vibrant literature.
- The lily
- The lily symbolizes the spark of inspiration—the concrete object that a poet needs to kickstart their imagination. Lowell uses this idea to suggest that creativity needs a tangible, sensory foundation rather than just abstract thinking.
- The donkey / the Critic's past life
- The Critic's earlier form as a donkey serves as Lowell's most enduring metaphor: the traits of stubbornness, braying (loud, meaningless noise), and bearing others' burdens without truly grasping them all translate directly to the professional critic. This also suggests that criticism is a lesser form of existence compared to creation.
- The flea on Wordsworth
- The flea that feeds on Wordsworth and then produces 'recollections' of that experience represents a type of criticism that may be technically accurate regarding appearances — it was present and it observed — but is fundamentally unable to understand the deeper essence of what it consumes.
- Le Verrier's planet
- The newly discovered planet, Neptune, found in 1846, showcases truly original work—something so novel that our current measurement tools can't evaluate it. This kind of work needs to establish its own critical standard, which is precisely what the Critic fails to achieve.
- The icicle plot
- Lowell describes the plot of his poem as an icicle — 'slender and slippery, every moment more slender, and likely to slip awry' — which symbolizes his intentional avoidance of conventional form. This suggests that the poem's wandering structure is a deliberate decision rather than a mistake, and that the reader's ability to stay engaged is part of the humor.
§06Historical context
Historical context
§07FAQ
Questions readers ask
Who are the real people being satirized in the poem?
The poem features portrayals of numerous real figures from American literature in the 1840s. The 'Critic' represents a blend of different reviewers from that era rather than a single individual. 'Mr. D----' is widely recognized as Cornelius Mathews, a New York writer and literary nationalist. Tityrus Griswold refers to Rufus Griswold, the well-known anthologist. The poem continues with sketches of Emerson, Poe, Hawthorne, Margaret Fuller, and others—most of whom are identified only by their initials or slight disguises.
Why is the poem written in such loose, bouncy rhymes? Is that intentional?
Completely intentional. Lowell is using a style known as hudibrastic verse — named after Samuel Butler's Hudibras — which intentionally incorporates forced, comic rhymes and irregular meter to evoke a sense of spontaneous wit. The 'bad' rhymes (like 'untwistable / Cristabel' or the long string of '-ion' endings) serve as jokes on their own. Lowell is also conveying a message: American poetry can be serious without being stiff and formal.
What is Lowell actually saying about Emerson?
Lowell's portrait of Emerson presents a complex view. He appreciates the richness of Emerson's language, referring to it as 'gold nails in temples to hang trophies on,' and recognizes the depth of his best poems, even calling him a 'Plotinus-Montaigne' — a unique blend of mystical insight and practical humor. However, he also points out Emerson's issues with structural coherence, describing his work as a collection of 'mines of rich matter' tossed together. Furthermore, he criticizes Emerson for a cold philosophical stance that views life as merely a collection of fossils and for creating grand temples without doors—impressive structures that lack any means for entry or exit.
What is the 'fable' part? Is there actually a story?
Lowell acknowledges it himself: the plot is quite thin. The basic story revolves around Apollo lounging beneath a laurel tree, wishing for a lily, and sending the Critic to retrieve one while entertaining various literary guests. Yet, Lowell frequently veers off into digressions, poking fun at his own tendency to do so—he likens the plot to an icicle that keeps getting thinner. The 'fable' structure serves mainly as a loose pretext for delivering literary critique in verse, and the humor lies in the fact that the poem embodies the very lack of structure it ridicules in others.
What does Lowell think makes a good critic?
Lowell argues, using the Critic as a negative example, that effective criticism is about synthesis rather than simply gathering facts. A true critic can integrate various pieces of knowledge into a meaningful understanding. More crucially, a good critic must identify genuinely new work—those that set their own standards—rather than merely applying outdated rules to familiar texts. The flea-on-Wordsworth analogy captures this well: being in the presence of great literature doesn’t equate to comprehending it.
Why does Lowell keep interrupting himself and apologizing for digressions?
It's both a rhetorical strategy and a personality trait. By frequently acknowledging his own digressions, Lowell presents himself as a self-aware and honest narrator — a contrast to the arrogant Critic who never reflects on his own views. This approach also maintains a light and conversational tone, which aligns perfectly with the poem's style. Plus, there's a solid point hidden within: Horace noted that even Homer makes mistakes, so a digressive poem is in good company, provided the reader remains engaged.
What is the significance of the donkey-to-critic transformation?
It's Lowell's most persistent insult, but it takes on a distinct form. The characteristics of the donkey — being stubborn, braying loudly, bearing others' burdens without comprehension, and serving others while enduring kicks — all resonate with the role of the professional critic. The concept of transmigration of souls (taken from Pythagorean philosophy) suggests that the Critic is spiritually trapped at a lower level of existence, unable to progress into a creator. The punchline is that Destiny simply didn't have time to improve things, so she just put him on two legs.
Is Lowell being hypocritical by criticizing critics while writing criticism himself?
Yes, and he’s aware of it—that’s part of the humor. The poem acts as a form of literary criticism expressed in verse, and Lowell repeatedly finds himself doing exactly what he criticizes: loading his work with classical references, parading his knowledge, and straying from his main point. This self-aware commentary highlights the contradiction. He suggests that criticism infused with wit, self-awareness, and true artistic sensibility is fundamentally different from the dull, mechanical kind he’s critiquing.
Citation
Cite this poem
MLA
Lowell, James Russell. "A Fable for Critics." Storgy, https://storgy.com/poems/a-fable-for-critics-james-russell-lowell/.
APA
Lowell, J. R. (n.d.). A fable for critics. Storgy. https://storgy.com/poems/a-fable-for-critics-james-russell-lowell/
Row A — Thesis
1 ptIn 'A Fable for Critics,' James Russell Lowell employs mock-heroic digression, self-interrupting rhyme, and a persona who openly confesses his own artistic failures to argue that the critic's greatest vice is not malice but a constitutional …
- Row B — Evidence + Commentary4 pts
- Row C — Sophistication1 pt
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