The Annotated Edition
A CHIPPEWA LEGEND by James Russell Lowell
A dying Chippewa chief asks his two older children to take care of their little brother Sheemah, but one by one, they leave him to return to their tribe.
- Themes
- family, identity, loneliness
§01Quick summary
What this poem is about
§02Themes
Recurring themes
§03Line by line
Stanza by stanza, with notes
The old Chief, feeling now wellnigh his end, / Called his two eldest children to his side,
Editor's note
The poem begins at a deathbed, where the chief's final instruction is straightforward: look after Sheemah, the youngest, as he is too small to fend for himself. The chief views love not as a personal emotion but as a collective human resource — akin to a shared field rather than private property — establishing the moral stakes for what comes next.
Alone, beside a lake, their wigwam stood, / Far from the other dwellings of their tribe:
Editor's note
The elder brother grows impatient. Strong, skilled, and ambitious, he feels that the isolation of the lakeside lodge is a waste of his talents. His reasoning seems sensible, at first — until he takes action. He sneaks away, pretending to go hunting, and never returns, swapping his father's dying wish for a new wife and a fresh start.
Now when the sister found her brother gone, / And that, for many days, he came not back,
Editor's note
Lowell takes a moment in the story to explore the sister's feelings of abandonment. He outlines a progression: first, Love begins to fade, then Duty hangs on, and finally, Selfishness steps in to claim whatever warmth remains. The sister manages to hold on longer than her brother, truly caring for Sheemah for several months. However, in the end, the same desire for companionship and romantic love draws her away as well.
But Sheemah, left alone within the lodge, / Waited and waited, with a shrinking heart,
Editor's note
This is the emotional core of the poem. Sheemah waits, hope slowly fading, until every sound transforms from comforting to threatening. His food runs out. Autumn lays the land bare. Winter covers everything in silence. Starving and desperate, he starts scavenging alongside wolves — and gradually, the wolves lose their fear of him, while he loses his fear of them. The shift from child to wolf-creature unfolds quietly, driven by necessity rather than magic.
Late in the Spring, when all the ice was gone, / The elder brother, fishing in the lake,
Editor's note
The elder brother returns—not from guilt but by sheer chance, pulled back to the familiar fishing spot. He hears a sound that's part child, part wolf, and deep down he knows it’s Sheemah. What he discovers is a boy whose body is already becoming gray with wolf-fur from the neck down. He begs, he cries, he makes promises—yet it’s too late. Sheemah tells him he has no human brothers, only wolves, and slips away into the woods. The brother stands there, gazing at the empty treeline.
§04Tone & mood
How this poem feels
§05Symbols & metaphors
Symbols & metaphors
- The wolf
- The wolf begins as a threat — the hollow, hungry howl that Sheemah dreads in the dark — and ultimately becomes his only family. This change shows that when a child is entirely let down by the human community, the wild takes its place. The wolf isn't portrayed as evil here; it’s just what’s left when love fades away.
- The wigwam beside the lake
- The isolated lodge reflects the family's responsibilities and their vulnerability. Its distance from the tribe amplifies the siblings' departure, leaving them without neighbors or a safety net. The lake also serves as the place where the elder brother returns and confronts his turning point.
- The gray fur creeping upward
- Sheemah's physical transformation — wolf-fur spreading from his neck upward as his brother looks on — shows just how long he was left alone. The fur isn’t some kind of supernatural punishment; it's the body marking the toll of abandonment.
- The common stock of love
- The dying chief's metaphor — love as a shared crop planted by the Great Spirit, rather than a private possession earned through hard work — serves as the poem's moral core. The siblings view love as something they can take away and use elsewhere, reflecting the very mistake the chief cautioned against.
- Winter and silence
- Winter is more than just a season here; it embodies the feeling of abandonment. The snow's 'unbroken silence' reflects the quiet of the siblings who never come back. Sheemah's ability to endure winter shows just how much he had to transform into something beyond human.
§06Historical context
Historical context
§07FAQ
Questions readers ask
Read next