The Annotated Edition
A Chippewa Legend by James Russell Lowell
A dying Chippewa chief asks his two older children to take care of their little brother Sheemah, but one by one, they leave him to return to their tribe.
- Core theme
- Family
Study actions
§01Quick summary
What this poem is about
§02Themes
Recurring themes
§03Line by line
Stanza by stanza, with notes
The old Chief, feeling now wellnigh his end, / Called his two eldest children to his side,
Editor's note
The poem begins at a deathbed, where the chief's final instruction is straightforward: look after Sheemah, the youngest, as he is too small to fend for himself. The chief views love not as a personal emotion but as a collective human resource — akin to a shared field rather than private property — establishing the moral stakes for what comes next.
Alone, beside a lake, their wigwam stood, / Far from the other dwellings of their tribe:
Editor's note
The elder brother grows impatient. Strong, skilled, and ambitious, he feels that the isolation of the lakeside lodge is a waste of his talents. His reasoning seems sensible, at first — until he takes action. He sneaks away, pretending to go hunting, and never returns, swapping his father's dying wish for a new wife and a fresh start.
Now when the sister found her brother gone, / And that, for many days, he came not back,
Editor's note
Lowell takes a moment in the story to explore the sister's feelings of abandonment. He outlines a progression: first, Love begins to fade, then Duty hangs on, and finally, Selfishness steps in to claim whatever warmth remains. The sister manages to hold on longer than her brother, truly caring for Sheemah for several months. However, in the end, the same desire for companionship and romantic love draws her away as well.
But Sheemah, left alone within the lodge, / Waited and waited, with a shrinking heart,
Editor's note
This is the emotional core of the poem. Sheemah waits, hope slowly fading, until every sound transforms from comforting to threatening. His food runs out. Autumn lays the land bare. Winter covers everything in silence. Starving and desperate, he starts scavenging alongside wolves — and gradually, the wolves lose their fear of him, while he loses his fear of them. The shift from child to wolf-creature unfolds quietly, driven by necessity rather than magic.
Late in the Spring, when all the ice was gone, / The elder brother, fishing in the lake,
Editor's note
The elder brother returns—not from guilt but by sheer chance, pulled back to the familiar fishing spot. He hears a sound that's part child, part wolf, and deep down he knows it’s Sheemah. What he discovers is a boy whose body is already becoming gray with wolf-fur from the neck down. He begs, he cries, he makes promises—yet it’s too late. Sheemah tells him he has no human brothers, only wolves, and slips away into the woods. The brother stands there, gazing at the empty treeline.
§04Tone & mood
How this poem feels
§05Symbols & metaphors
Symbols & metaphors
- The wolf
- The wolf begins as a threat — the hollow, hungry howl that Sheemah dreads in the dark — and ultimately becomes his only family. This change shows that when a child is entirely let down by the human community, the wild takes its place. The wolf isn't portrayed as evil here; it’s just what’s left when love fades away.
- The wigwam beside the lake
- The isolated lodge reflects the family's responsibilities and their vulnerability. Its distance from the tribe amplifies the siblings' departure, leaving them without neighbors or a safety net. The lake also serves as the place where the elder brother returns and confronts his turning point.
- The gray fur creeping upward
- Sheemah's physical transformation — wolf-fur spreading from his neck upward as his brother looks on — shows just how long he was left alone. The fur isn’t some kind of supernatural punishment; it's the body marking the toll of abandonment.
- The common stock of love
- The dying chief's metaphor — love as a shared crop planted by the Great Spirit, rather than a private possession earned through hard work — serves as the poem's moral core. The siblings view love as something they can take away and use elsewhere, reflecting the very mistake the chief cautioned against.
- Winter and silence
- Winter is more than just a season here; it embodies the feeling of abandonment. The snow's 'unbroken silence' reflects the quiet of the siblings who never come back. Sheemah's ability to endure winter shows just how much he had to transform into something beyond human.
§06Historical context
Historical context
§07FAQ
Questions readers ask
What is the poem actually about?
A dying chief asks his two older children to look after their little brother, Sheemah. However, both siblings eventually leave him behind to follow their own paths. Sheemah endures a harsh winter by living with wolves, gradually becoming more wolf-like himself. When the elder brother returns and pleads for forgiveness, Sheemah — now almost unrecognizable as human — turns him away and vanishes into the forest.
Is the transformation into a wolf meant to be taken literally or as a metaphor?
Both, really. The poem reflects the Ojibwe oral tradition it draws from, where changing between human and animal is a genuine narrative possibility, not merely a figure of speech. At the same time, Lowell makes the transformation feel psychologically justified — Sheemah takes on wolf-like traits because he had to live as one. You can interpret it either way, and the poem remains cohesive.
Why does Sheemah refuse to forgive his brother at the end?
Because the brother's remorse arrives too late to repair the damage. Sheemah has already lost his human connections — language, family, identity — after years spent in isolation. The poem candidly acknowledges the limits of apology: saying sorry doesn’t bring back what neglect has taken away. Sheemah isn't being cruel; he just no longer has a self that fits into the human world.
What is the significance of the Greek epigraph at the start?
The lines come from Aeschylus's Prometheus Bound and translate to: 'It is painful for me to speak of these things, and painful to be silent.' Lowell conveys that this is a true tragedy — a narrative that causes pain to share yet needs to be shared. He subtly positions an Indigenous American story alongside ancient Greek drama in terms of moral significance.
What does the dying chief's speech about love mean?
The chief argues that love isn’t something you can treat like property — you don’t earn it through hard work, and you can’t keep it all to yourself. It’s a gift from the Great Spirit, meant for everyone in the community. The siblings go against this belief by pulling their love away from Sheemah and focusing it solely on their own new families.
Why does the sister get more sympathy than the brother?
Lowell delves deeper into the sister's psychology, depicting her prolonged struggle—she searches for Sheemah for months before finally giving up. He outlines how love transforms into duty, and then how duty shifts into selfishness. In contrast, the brother simply walks away. The sister's decline is more gradual and relatable, which somehow makes it even more heartbreaking.
Where did Lowell get this story from?
He states this clearly in his prefatory note: Henry Rowe Schoolcraft's Algic Researches (1839) is a collection of Ojibwe oral traditions. Schoolcraft collected these stories from Indigenous communities around the Great Lakes. A decade later, Longfellow drew from the same source for The Song of Hiawatha.
What does the poem say about family responsibility?
It suggests that family obligations don't just disappear when they become inconvenient. Both siblings have relatable reasons for leaving — feelings of loneliness, a yearning for companionship, and the allure of adult life — and the poem acknowledges that these reasons are significant. However, it emphasizes that the consequences of pursuing those desires, especially when a dependent child is left behind, are devastating and cannot be undone.
Citation
Cite this poem
MLA
Lowell, James Russell. "A Chippewa Legend." Storgy, https://storgy.com/poems/a-chippewa-legend-james-russell-lowell/.
APA
Lowell, J. R. (n.d.). A chippewa legend. Storgy. https://storgy.com/poems/a-chippewa-legend-james-russell-lowell/
Row A — Thesis
1 ptIn 'A Chippewa Legend,' James Russell Lowell explores the progressive abandonment of the child Sheemah to argue that love's survival depends entirely on the discipline of duty. When duty is replaced by self-interest, the self degrades into …
- Row B — Evidence + Commentary4 pts
- Row C — Sophistication1 pt
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