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The Annotated Edition

Ulysses Departing by Alfred, Lord Tennyson

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Ulysses, the weary king of Ithaca, feels bored and restless at home after his many adventures.

Poet
Alfred, Lord Tennyson
Meter
blank verse
Themes
freedom, identity, mortality
The PoemFull text

Ulysses Departing

Alfred, Lord Tennyson

It little profits that an idle king, By this still hearth, among these barren crags, Match’d with an aged wife, I mete and dole Unequal laws unto a savage race, That hoard, and sleep, and feed, and know not me. I cannot rest from travel: I will drink Life to the lees: all times I have enjoy’d Greatly, have suffer’d greatly, both with those That loved me, and alone; on shore, and when Thro’ scudding drifts the rainy Hyades[1] Vext the dim sea: I am become a name; For always roaming with a hungry heart Much have I seen and known; cities of men And manners, climates, councils, governments,[2] Myself not least, but honour’d of them all; And drunk delight of battle with my peers, Far on the ringing plains of windy Troy. I am a part of all that I have met; Yet all experience is an arch wherethro’ Gleams that untravell’d world, whose margin fades For ever and for ever when I move. How dull it is to pause, to make an end,[3] To rust unburnish’d, not to shine in use! As tho’ to breathe were life. Life piled on life Were all too little, and of one to me Little remains: but every hour is saved From that eternal silence, something more, A bringer of new things; and vile it were For some three suns to store and hoard myself, And this gray spirit yearning in desire To follow knowledge, like a sinking star, Beyond the utmost bound of human thought. This is my son, mine own Telemachus,[4] To whom I leave the sceptre and the isle— Well-loved of me, discerning to fulfil This labour, by slow prudence to make mild A rugged people, and thro’ soft degrees Subdue them to the useful and the good. Most blameless is he, centred in the sphere Of common duties, decent not to fail In offices of tenderness, and pay Meet adoration to my household gods, When I am gone. He works his work, I mine. There lies the port: the vessel puffs her sail: There gloom the dark broad seas. My mariners, Souls that have toil’d and wrought, and thought with me— That ever with a frolic welcome took The thunder and the sunshine, and opposed Free hearts, free foreheads—you and I are old; Old age hath yet his honour and his toil; Death closes all; but something ere the end, Some work of noble note, may yet be done, Not unbecoming men that strove with Gods. The lights begin to twinkle from the rocks: The long day wanes: the slow moon climbs: the deep Moans round with many voices. Come, my friends, ’Tis not too late to seek a newer world. Push off, and sitting well in order smite The sounding furrows; for my purpose holds To sail beyond the sunset, and the baths Of all the western stars, until I die. It may be that the gulfs will wash us down: It may be we shall touch the Happy Isles,[5] And see the great Achilles, whom we knew. Tho’ much is taken, much abides; and tho’ We are not now that strength which in old days Moved earth and heaven; that which we are, we are; One equal temper of heroic hearts, Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield. [1] Virgil, _Æn_., i., 748, and iii., 516.

Public domain

Sourced from Project Gutenberg

§01Quick summary

What this poem is about

Ulysses, the weary king of Ithaca, feels bored and restless at home after his many adventures. He entrusts the kingdom to his son Telemachus and declares that he’s setting sail with his aging crew to explore what remains of the world before he passes away. The poem serves as a compelling argument for why it’s more fulfilling to keep moving and striving rather than to stay put and await the end.

§02Themes

Recurring themes

§03Line by line

Stanza by stanza, with notes

  1. It little profits that an idle king, / By this still hearth, among these barren crags,

    Editor's note

    Ulysses begins with a lament about his life. To him, being the king of Ithaca seems meaningless—the hearth is quiet, the land is desolate, his wife has aged, and the people he governs are simple and hardly recognize him. The term "idle" carries significant weight here: it’s not merely that he has no tasks to occupy him, but that idleness feels akin to death. He concludes this opening section with the well-known line "I am become a name"—he's already a figure of legend, but a legend that remains stagnant is merely a relic.

  2. I cannot rest from travel: I will drink / Life to the lees:

    Editor's note

    This encapsulates Ulysses's personal philosophy. "Drink life to the lees" suggests fully embracing every moment, leaving nothing behind. He recounts all he has lived through: joy, suffering, companionship, solitude, the sea, and the battle at Troy. Then we encounter one of the poem's most famous lines: all experiences form an arch that offers a view of an "untravell'd world," which seems to recede the more you explore. The deeper your understanding, the more you realize there’s still to discover. That’s what drives him onward.

  3. How dull it is to pause, to make an end, / To rust unburnish'd, not to shine in use!

    Editor's note

    Tennyson stacks up negative words here—pause, end, rust, dull—to make the idea of staying still feel almost physically repugnant. The sword metaphor ("rust unburnish'd, not to shine in use") is striking: a blade hidden in its scabbard will corrode, while one that’s used remains bright. Ulysses goes even further, claiming that even many lifetimes wouldn't quench his thirst for experience. He describes his spirit as "gray" but still "yearning," comparing his quest for knowledge to pursuing a sinking star—beautiful, out of reach, yet still worth the chase.

  4. This is my son, mine own Telemachus, / To whom I leave the sceptre and the isle—

    Editor's note

    The poem captures its sole quiet, tender moment. Ulysses reflects on Telemachus with a genuine warmth — "well-loved of me" — yet maintains a certain distance. He admires his son's patience, prudence, and sense of duty, traits that Ulysses himself seems to lack. The line "He works his work, I mine" creates a clear, almost stark division: they represent two distinct types of people, and Ulysses doesn’t feel the need to apologize for that. He’s not turning his back on his son; instead, he’s recognizing that they each have their own paths to follow.

  5. There lies the port: the vessel puffs her sail: / There gloom the dark broad seas.

    Editor's note

    The scene shifts to the harbor at dusk. Ulysses turns to his crew and speaks to them with the fervor of a battle rally. He acknowledges their age and the inevitability of death, but he insists there’s still something meaningful to accomplish before the end. The poem builds to its well-known conclusion, delivering a powerful motto: "To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield." The risk of death — "the gulfs will wash us down" — is mentioned, but ultimately, it’s brushed aside. What truly matters is their determination to embark, regardless of the outcome.

§04Tone & mood

How this poem feels

The tone is restless and defiant, with an underlying current of melancholy. Ulysses comes across as a man who has made his decision and is inviting anyone to challenge him. The language carries a sense of grandeur — long, flowing sentences that mirror the sea — yet there's a palpable fatigue. He is aware of his age, recognizes the possibility of dying on this journey, and sets out regardless. This blend of clear-eyed acceptance and stubborn determination provides the poem with its unique emotional intensity: it's not exactly triumphant, but it certainly won’t be subdued.

§05Symbols & metaphors

Symbols & metaphors

The hearth
The quiet hearth at the beginning of the poem symbolizes domestic life, routine, and stagnation. For many, it embodies comfort and home; for Ulysses, it signifies everything that is gradually suffocating him.
The arch of experience
"All experience is an arch wherethro' / Gleams that untravell'd world" — the arch represents all that Ulysses has lived through, allowing him to glimpse a world beyond. It highlights the paradox that with every new experience, we become more aware of how much remains unexplored.
The sinking star
Ulysses likens his quest for knowledge to chasing a star that's already sinking below the horizon. It's a journey that can never truly be finished, and that's the essence of it — the worth lies in the pursuit, not in the capture.
The rusting sword
"To rust unburnish'd, not to shine in use" presents the image of a sword left idle in its scabbard, symbolizing wasted potential. A blade remains bright only when used; similarly, a life remains vibrant through action.
The Happy Isles
In Greek mythology, the Happy Isles, also known as Elysium, were the resting place for great heroes after they died. Ulysses refers to them as a potential destination, subtly suggesting that this journey could lead to death — portraying that death as a reunion with legendary figures like Achilles, rather than a source of fear.
The western stars
Sailing "beyond the sunset, and the baths / Of all the western stars" suggests venturing into the mysterious edge of the world. In ancient cosmology, the west was where the sun set each night, symbolizing both death and the ultimate frontier.

§06Form & structure

Form & structure

Meter
blank verse

§07Historical context

Historical context

Tennyson wrote this poem in 1833, just days after the sudden death of his closest friend, Arthur Henry Hallam, who was only 22. He later remarked that the poem reflected his need to keep pushing ahead despite his grief — "the feeling about the need of going forward and braving the struggle of life." The poem draws inspiration from Homer's *Odyssey* and Dante's *Inferno* (where Ulysses speaks of a final, fateful journey beyond known worlds), but Tennyson gives the character a unique twist. When it was published in 1842, the poem emerged during the Victorian era’s heated discussions about progress, ambition, and the essence of a meaningful life. Tennyson was just 24 when he penned it, making the voice of the aged speaker even more impactful — a young man contemplating the refusal to stop, even at the very end of life.

§08FAQ

Questions readers ask

It's a dramatic monologue — Ulysses (the Roman name for Odysseus) speaks directly to us and his sailors. After returning home to Ithaca from the Trojan War and all his adventures, he finds sitting still unbearable. The poem serves as his announcement of departure, passing his kingdom to his son, and setting sail once more into the unknown with his old crew. At its heart, it's about rejecting a slow, passive end to life.

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