The Annotated Edition
Ulysses Departing by Alfred, Lord Tennyson
Ulysses, the weary king of Ithaca, feels bored and restless at home after his many adventures.
- Meter
- blank verse
- Themes
- freedom, identity, mortality
§01Quick summary
What this poem is about
§02Themes
Recurring themes
§03Line by line
Stanza by stanza, with notes
It little profits that an idle king, / By this still hearth, among these barren crags,
Editor's note
Ulysses begins with a lament about his life. To him, being the king of Ithaca seems meaningless—the hearth is quiet, the land is desolate, his wife has aged, and the people he governs are simple and hardly recognize him. The term "idle" carries significant weight here: it’s not merely that he has no tasks to occupy him, but that idleness feels akin to death. He concludes this opening section with the well-known line "I am become a name"—he's already a figure of legend, but a legend that remains stagnant is merely a relic.
I cannot rest from travel: I will drink / Life to the lees:
Editor's note
This encapsulates Ulysses's personal philosophy. "Drink life to the lees" suggests fully embracing every moment, leaving nothing behind. He recounts all he has lived through: joy, suffering, companionship, solitude, the sea, and the battle at Troy. Then we encounter one of the poem's most famous lines: all experiences form an arch that offers a view of an "untravell'd world," which seems to recede the more you explore. The deeper your understanding, the more you realize there’s still to discover. That’s what drives him onward.
How dull it is to pause, to make an end, / To rust unburnish'd, not to shine in use!
Editor's note
Tennyson stacks up negative words here—pause, end, rust, dull—to make the idea of staying still feel almost physically repugnant. The sword metaphor ("rust unburnish'd, not to shine in use") is striking: a blade hidden in its scabbard will corrode, while one that’s used remains bright. Ulysses goes even further, claiming that even many lifetimes wouldn't quench his thirst for experience. He describes his spirit as "gray" but still "yearning," comparing his quest for knowledge to pursuing a sinking star—beautiful, out of reach, yet still worth the chase.
This is my son, mine own Telemachus, / To whom I leave the sceptre and the isle—
Editor's note
The poem captures its sole quiet, tender moment. Ulysses reflects on Telemachus with a genuine warmth — "well-loved of me" — yet maintains a certain distance. He admires his son's patience, prudence, and sense of duty, traits that Ulysses himself seems to lack. The line "He works his work, I mine" creates a clear, almost stark division: they represent two distinct types of people, and Ulysses doesn’t feel the need to apologize for that. He’s not turning his back on his son; instead, he’s recognizing that they each have their own paths to follow.
There lies the port: the vessel puffs her sail: / There gloom the dark broad seas.
Editor's note
The scene shifts to the harbor at dusk. Ulysses turns to his crew and speaks to them with the fervor of a battle rally. He acknowledges their age and the inevitability of death, but he insists there’s still something meaningful to accomplish before the end. The poem builds to its well-known conclusion, delivering a powerful motto: "To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield." The risk of death — "the gulfs will wash us down" — is mentioned, but ultimately, it’s brushed aside. What truly matters is their determination to embark, regardless of the outcome.
§04Tone & mood
How this poem feels
§05Symbols & metaphors
Symbols & metaphors
- The hearth
- The quiet hearth at the beginning of the poem symbolizes domestic life, routine, and stagnation. For many, it embodies comfort and home; for Ulysses, it signifies everything that is gradually suffocating him.
- The arch of experience
- "All experience is an arch wherethro' / Gleams that untravell'd world" — the arch represents all that Ulysses has lived through, allowing him to glimpse a world beyond. It highlights the paradox that with every new experience, we become more aware of how much remains unexplored.
- The sinking star
- Ulysses likens his quest for knowledge to chasing a star that's already sinking below the horizon. It's a journey that can never truly be finished, and that's the essence of it — the worth lies in the pursuit, not in the capture.
- The rusting sword
- "To rust unburnish'd, not to shine in use" presents the image of a sword left idle in its scabbard, symbolizing wasted potential. A blade remains bright only when used; similarly, a life remains vibrant through action.
- The Happy Isles
- In Greek mythology, the Happy Isles, also known as Elysium, were the resting place for great heroes after they died. Ulysses refers to them as a potential destination, subtly suggesting that this journey could lead to death — portraying that death as a reunion with legendary figures like Achilles, rather than a source of fear.
- The western stars
- Sailing "beyond the sunset, and the baths / Of all the western stars" suggests venturing into the mysterious edge of the world. In ancient cosmology, the west was where the sun set each night, symbolizing both death and the ultimate frontier.
§06Form & structure
Form & structure
- Meter
- blank verse
§07Historical context
Historical context
§08FAQ
Questions readers ask
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