The Annotated Edition
To the dish thus seasoned add a drawl _ad libitum_ by James Russell Lowell
This piece parodies the overly grandiose editorial footnotes, crafted in the style of the fictional Reverend Homer Wilbur, the self-important "editor" of Lowell's *Biglow Papers*.
- Core theme
- Art
Study actions
§01Quick summary
What this poem is about
§02Themes
Recurring themes
§03Line by line
Stanza by stanza, with notes
[Greek: a]. Unable to procure a likeness of Mr. Biglow...
Editor's note
Wilbur starts off by saying he couldn't include a portrait of Biglow, but then quickly shifts the focus to himself — discussing his own portraits, his slight eye misalignment (*strabismus*), and his wife's objections. Before long, the actual subject (Biglow) disappears from the conversation. Lowell is poking fun at editors who prioritize their editorial notes over the text they should be supporting.
[Greek: b.] Yet was Cæsar desirous of concealing his baldness...
Editor's note
A quick succession of incomplete historical insights: Caesar concealed his baldness, Cromwell demanded his wart be painted in, and many individuals prefer their portraits to be more flattering than their true selves warrant. The concluding statement—that the Recording Angel's gallery will reveal our less-than-flattering likenesses—delivers the most pointed satirical critique in the entire piece, implying that divine record-keeping is more truthful than human vanity.
[Greek: g.] Whether any of our national peculiarities may be traced to our use of stoves...
Editor's note
Wilbur presents a quirky theory: he suggests that Americans' reserved speech and fiery tempers stem from using enclosed stoves instead of open fires. He references a Spanish friar's description of Aztec stoves from Hakluyt's *Voyages*, but quickly undermines this source by pointing out that 'Popish priests' aren't the most dependable narrators. The mention of the grape harvest at the end — along with the dry question of whether Noah made the right choice in saving rose-bugs — adds an amusing touch of absurdity.
[Greek: d]. Concerning Mr. Biglow's pedigree...
Editor's note
Wilbur examines Biglow's family background and decides there likely wasn't a poet among them. He brushes off a hymn written by Biglow's maternal uncle as something that didn't need genuine creative skill. Then, he shifts his focus to Biglow's grandfather, who was a painter in the 'grandiose or Michael Angelo school' — which really just means he painted barns. The humor lies in the lofty label given to something so ordinary.
[Greek: e]. Of the Wilburs no complete pedigree...
Editor's note
The notes trail off mid-sentence, leaving Wilbur lost in thoughts about his family crest (a wild boar), a potential link to the Earls of Wilbraham, and a family history that abruptly halts. It cuts off at '1. John,' highlighting the title's humor: the drawl is literally *ad libitum* — freely, without limit — and the only way to bring it to a close is to simply stop.
§04Tone & mood
How this poem feels
§05Symbols & metaphors
Symbols & metaphors
- The unfinished portrait
- Wilbur's struggle to finalize a portrait of Biglow — along with his diversion into creating his own portraits — illustrates how ego often overshadows the very subject it's supposed to focus on. The unfinished portrait serves as a reminder of editorial self-absorption.
- The stove
- Wilbur's stove theory represents the sort of half-baked national mythology that Americans often created — seeking grand explanations for cultural identity in everyday household items.
- The Recording Angel's gallery
- A representation of straightforward truth that challenges human vanity. While earthly depictions may flatter, the divine record reveals our true selves — a subtly serious notion hidden within a mostly humorous context.
- The wild boar crest
- Wilbur's imaginative family heraldry — linking 'Wilbur' to 'wild boar' and the Earls of Wilbraham — reflects the American desire for aristocratic legitimacy, humorously highlighted by the flimsy and hopeful nature of the evidence.
- The fragment that cuts off mid-sentence
- The sudden ending takes the title's joke at face value. The 'drawl *ad libitum*' lacks a natural stopping point; it keeps going until someone cuts it off. This sense of incompleteness is the punchline.
§06Historical context
Historical context
§07FAQ
Questions readers ask
What does 'ad libitum' mean in the title?
Ad libitum is a Latin term in music that translates to 'at pleasure' or 'as long as you like.' Lowell suggests that Wilbur's drawling, rambling style has no natural conclusion—it simply continues on its own accord. The title reveals the joke before you even dive into the piece.
Who is Reverend Wilbur and is he a real person?
Wilbur is a completely fictional character created by Lowell to act as the pretentious 'editor' of Hosea Biglow's poems in The Biglow Papers. He parodies the type of scholarly clergyman who complicates straightforward, honest writing with self-important footnotes and lengthy digressions.
What is strabismus and why does Wilbur bring it up?
Strabismus is when the eyes aren't aligned properly, often referred to as a squint or crossed eyes. Wilbur brings it up because a painted portrait emphasized his slight eye misalignment. He goes on to transform this vanity into a theological virtue, suggesting it helped him preach without making anyone feel singled out. This perfectly illustrates his self-serving logic.
What is the joke about Biglow's grandfather painting in the 'Michael Angelo school'?
Wilbur gives the most extravagant label imaginable — likening the grandfather to Michelangelo — for someone who simply painted houses and barns. The humor lies in the stark contrast between the exaggerated description and the mundane reality of the subject. It also subtly pokes fun at Wilbur for using such lofty comparisons.
Why does Wilbur question whether Noah was right to preserve rose-bugs?
It's a throwaway comic line that comes right after he talks about how his grape crop was damaged by rose-bugs. The humor lies in the ridiculousness of blaming Noah, and indirectly God, for a pesky insect ruining his harvest. It highlights how Wilbur's thoughts shift seamlessly from grand cosmic issues to trivial complaints without him even realizing it.
What is Hakluyt and why does Lowell mention it?
Richard Hakluyt was a 16th-century English writer known for compiling The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation — an extensive collection of exploration accounts. Wilbur references this work to lend his stove theory an air of scholarly credibility but quickly undercuts his own citation by pointing out that the source is a Catholic friar, which casts doubt on its reliability. This tactic serves as a sharp parody of how selective scholarly sourcing can be.
Is this actually a poem? It reads more like prose.
It's a prose-poem in the broadest sense — a comic literary piece that Lowell wove into the poetic project of The Biglow Papers. This 'poem' essentially performs a character: the title cues the joke, while the fragmentary notes deliver the punchline. Throughout the Papers, Lowell intentionally blurred the boundaries between verse, editorial commentary, and satirical fiction.
What does the abrupt ending mean?
The notes abruptly halt in the middle of the genealogy — 'had issue, 1. John,' and then there's silence. This is the title's joke taken literally. A drawl ad libitum doesn’t have a natural ending; it only stops when someone decides to give up or runs out of paper. The fragmented style is the essence of it all: Wilbur could keep going indefinitely, and the kindness is that he doesn’t.
Citation
Cite this poem
MLA
Lowell, James Russell. "To the dish thus seasoned add a drawl _ad libitum_." Storgy, https://storgy.com/poems/to-the-dish-thus-seasoned-add-a-drawl-ad-libitum-james-russell-lowell/.
APA
Lowell, J. R. (n.d.). To the dish thus seasoned add a drawl _ad libitum_. Storgy. https://storgy.com/poems/to-the-dish-thus-seasoned-add-a-drawl-ad-libitum-james-russell-lowell/
Row A — Thesis
1 ptIn his fragmentary footnotes to the Biglow Papers, James Russell Lowell constructs a mock-pedantic narrator whose compulsive digressions, from squinting portraits to rose-bug theology, enact the very intellectual vanity he satirizes, …
- Row B — Evidence + Commentary4 pts
- Row C — Sophistication1 pt
- Common student errors
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