The Annotated Edition
To the dish thus seasoned add a drawl _ad libitum_. by James Russell Lowell
This piece parodies the overly grandiose editorial footnotes, crafted in the style of the fictional Reverend Homer Wilbur, the self-important "editor" of Lowell's *Biglow Papers*.
- Themes
- art, identity, memory
§01Quick summary
What this poem is about
§02Themes
Recurring themes
§03Line by line
Stanza by stanza, with notes
[Greek: a]. Unable to procure a likeness of Mr. Biglow...
Editor's note
Wilbur starts off by saying he couldn't include a portrait of Biglow, but then quickly shifts the focus to himself — discussing his own portraits, his slight eye misalignment (*strabismus*), and his wife's objections. Before long, the actual subject (Biglow) disappears from the conversation. Lowell is poking fun at editors who prioritize their editorial notes over the text they should be supporting.
[Greek: b.] Yet was Cæsar desirous of concealing his baldness...
Editor's note
A quick succession of incomplete historical insights: Caesar concealed his baldness, Cromwell demanded his wart be painted in, and many individuals prefer their portraits to be more flattering than their true selves warrant. The concluding statement—that the Recording Angel's gallery will reveal our less-than-flattering likenesses—delivers the most pointed satirical critique in the entire piece, implying that divine record-keeping is more truthful than human vanity.
[Greek: g.] Whether any of our national peculiarities may be traced to our use of stoves...
Editor's note
Wilbur presents a quirky theory: he suggests that Americans' reserved speech and fiery tempers stem from using enclosed stoves instead of open fires. He references a Spanish friar's description of Aztec stoves from Hakluyt's *Voyages*, but quickly undermines this source by pointing out that 'Popish priests' aren't the most dependable narrators. The mention of the grape harvest at the end — along with the dry question of whether Noah made the right choice in saving rose-bugs — adds an amusing touch of absurdity.
[Greek: d]. Concerning Mr. Biglow's pedigree...
Editor's note
Wilbur examines Biglow's family background and decides there likely wasn't a poet among them. He brushes off a hymn written by Biglow's maternal uncle as something that didn't need genuine creative skill. Then, he shifts his focus to Biglow's grandfather, who was a painter in the 'grandiose or Michael Angelo school' — which really just means he painted barns. The humor lies in the lofty label given to something so ordinary.
[Greek: e]. Of the Wilburs no complete pedigree...
Editor's note
The notes trail off mid-sentence, leaving Wilbur lost in thoughts about his family crest (a wild boar), a potential link to the Earls of Wilbraham, and a family history that abruptly halts. It cuts off at '1. John,' highlighting the title's humor: the drawl is literally *ad libitum* — freely, without limit — and the only way to bring it to a close is to simply stop.
§04Tone & mood
How this poem feels
§05Symbols & metaphors
Symbols & metaphors
- The unfinished portrait
- Wilbur's struggle to finalize a portrait of Biglow — along with his diversion into creating his own portraits — illustrates how ego often overshadows the very subject it's supposed to focus on. The unfinished portrait serves as a reminder of editorial self-absorption.
- The stove
- Wilbur's stove theory represents the sort of half-baked national mythology that Americans often created — seeking grand explanations for cultural identity in everyday household items.
- The Recording Angel's gallery
- A representation of straightforward truth that challenges human vanity. While earthly depictions may flatter, the divine record reveals our true selves — a subtly serious notion hidden within a mostly humorous context.
- The wild boar crest
- Wilbur's imaginative family heraldry — linking 'Wilbur' to 'wild boar' and the Earls of Wilbraham — reflects the American desire for aristocratic legitimacy, humorously highlighted by the flimsy and hopeful nature of the evidence.
- The fragment that cuts off mid-sentence
- The sudden ending takes the title's joke at face value. The 'drawl *ad libitum*' lacks a natural stopping point; it keeps going until someone cuts it off. This sense of incompleteness is the punchline.
§06Historical context
Historical context
§07FAQ
Questions readers ask
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