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The Tides by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

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A speaker observes the tide receding and is convinced it won't come back — yet it surges in again with great intensity.

Poet
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Core theme
Hope
The PoemFull text

The Tides

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

I saw the long line of the vacant shore, The sea-weed and the shells upon the sand, And the brown rocks left bare on every hand, As if the ebbing tide would flow no more. Then heard I, more distinctly than before, The ocean breathe and its great breast expand, And hurrying came on the defenceless land The insurgent waters with tumultuous roar. All thought and feeling and desire, I said, Love, laughter, and the exultant joy of song Have ebbed from me forever! Suddenly o'er me They swept again from their deep ocean bed, And in a tumult of delight, and strong As youth, and beautiful as youth, upbore me.

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Sourced from Project Gutenberg

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§01Quick summary

What this poem is about

A speaker observes the tide receding and is convinced it won't come back — yet it surges in again with great intensity. Longfellow captures this moment to express how his creativity, love, and joy felt completely exhausted, only to return with even greater strength. It's a poem about emotional renewal conveyed through a striking image from the sea.

§02Themes

Recurring themes

§03Line by line

Stanza by stanza, with notes

  1. I saw the long line of the vacant shore, / The sea-weed and the shells upon the sand,

    Editor's note

    The speaker begins with a stark coastal scene — a shore laid bare by a receding tide. The specifics (seaweed, shells, exposed rocks) evoke strong imagery, placing us firmly in a tangible location. Yet, the emptiness carries emotional weight: this landscape feels abandoned, as if it has reached its end.

  2. Then heard I, more distinctly than before, / The ocean breathe and its great breast expand,

    Editor's note

    The turn comes through sound, not sight. The ocean is described as a living being, with a chest that rises and falls. The word "breathe" is important — it suggests that what appeared lifeless is merely taking a pause. The tide is preparing to return, not disappeared.

  3. All thought and feeling and desire, I said, / Love, laughter, and the exultant joy of song

    Editor's note

    Here, the poem shifts focus inward. The speaker identifies all that has slipped away from him: thought, feeling, desire, love, laughter, and the joy of writing. This list is intentionally comprehensive — he truly means *everything*, not just a single mood. The word "forever" hits hard, like a door slamming shut.

  4. They swept again from their deep ocean bed, / And in a tumult of delight, and strong

    Editor's note

    The returning tide and the rush of emotions come together, and Longfellow keeps them intertwined. "Tumult of delight" shows how intense joy can feel almost violent after being away for so long. The sestet sweeps away the octave's despair in a single, breathless surge.

  5. As youth, and beautiful as youth, upbore me.

    Editor's note

    The last simile likens the rush of fresh emotions to youth — not only the vitality of youth but also its beauty. The term "upbore" indicates being lifted and carried, suggesting that the speaker isn't merely revived; he's genuinely elevated. For a poet in his later years, this final line holds significant personal meaning.

§04Tone & mood

How this poem feels

The poem navigates two different emotional states. The octave feels quiet and heavy, capturing a tone of resigned desolation, reflecting the voice of someone who has given up on expecting change. Suddenly, the sestet shifts into something nearly ecstatic. The final lines resonate with genuine exhilaration, not merely relief. This contrast is key: the joy feels more intense because it follows the emptiness.

§05Symbols & metaphors

Symbols & metaphors

The ebbing tide
The retreating sea symbolizes the loss of creative and emotional life — the sense that inspiration, love, and vitality have vanished for good. The phrase "as if the ebbing tide would flow no more" suggests that this is a fear rather than a reality.
The vacant shore
The bare, stripped beach reflects the speaker's inner state: exposed, emptied out, and waiting. It's a landscape of absence instead of destruction — things have retreated rather than been destroyed.
The returning flood
The rushing waters returning are the poem's main symbol of renewal. Their force and noise — described as a "tumultuous roar" — emphasize that restored vitality isn't subtle; it comes with the same intensity as the original loss.
Youth
The closing simile portrays youth not simply as an age but as a blend of strength and beauty. For Longfellow, who was in his sixties, calling upon youth to gauge his renewed emotions is a quietly daring assertion.
The ocean's breath
Personifying the sea as if it breathes gives it a heartbeat and a sense of consciousness. This view transforms the tide from a mere mechanical force into something vibrant and purposeful, making the speaker's emotional renewal feel more like a deliberate reaction rather than a chance occurrence.

§06Form & structure

Form & structure

Meter
iambic pentameter
Rhyme
ABBA ABBA CDD ECE

§07Historical context

Historical context

Longfellow penned this sonnet late in his life, probably in the 1870s, during a time when he was among the most popular poets in the English-speaking world, but it was also a period filled with personal sorrow. His wife, Frances, tragically died in a fire in 1861, a loss that haunted him for many years. By the time he composed poems like "The Tides," he was in his sixties and had endured long stretches of creative silence and emotional numbness. The Italian (Petrarchan) sonnet form he selected here — with its octave laying out a problem and its sestet providing a resolution — aligns perfectly with the poem's structure: eight lines of emptiness followed by six lines of return. The sea was a recurring theme for Longfellow, who grew up in Portland, Maine, and often returned to coastal imagery throughout his career as a natural way to express his inner feelings.

§08FAQ

Questions readers ask

What type of sonnet is 'The Tides' and does the form matter?

It's a Petrarchan (Italian) sonnet — 14 lines split into an eight-line octave and a six-line sestet. The structure is crucial here. The octave introduces the problem (emptiness, despair), while the sestet provides the turn and resolution (a wave of renewed feeling). Longfellow takes advantage of the form's natural flow to reflect the tide: a lengthy retreat followed by a swift comeback.

What is the 'volta' in this poem and where does it happen?

The volta is the moment in a sonnet where the argument or mood changes. In "The Tides," this occurs at line 9 — "All thought and feeling and desire, I said" — when the speaker shifts from painting the physical scene to revealing his inner desolation. A second, emotional volta strikes at "Suddenly o'er me," as both the tide and his feelings turn simultaneously.

Is this poem autobiographical? Was Longfellow really feeling this way?

Almost certainly yes. Longfellow lost his wife Frances in a fire in 1861, which plunged him into years of grief and a creative block. He translated Dante's Inferno as a way to cope during that difficult time. By his later years, he had found his voice again, and poems like "The Tides" express authentic feelings about that recovery — not just a metaphor for effect, but one rooted in real experience.

What does 'insurgent' mean in line 7, and why use that word?

"Insurgent" refers to a rebellion or revolt. Longfellow chose this word intentionally — the returning waters aren't merely flowing back; they're crashing against the land with force and intensity. This gives the tide a combative energy that reflects the emotional power of the sestet. In this poem, joy doesn't gently return; it bursts in with force.

What does 'upbore' mean in the last line?

"Upbore" is the past tense of "upbear," which means to lift up and carry. The final image depicts the speaker being physically lifted and carried along by the returning wave of emotion. It illustrates the feeling of being buoyed—supported by something greater than oneself. This word choice maintains the sea metaphor until the very end.

Why does Longfellow compare the feeling to 'youth' specifically?

Because youth is often the benchmark for measuring adult vitality, which frequently falls short. By stating that the surge of feeling was as strong as youth and as beautiful as youth, Longfellow asserts that what he experienced wasn't merely a faint reflection of his younger self but a genuine revival — complete strength, complete beauty. For a man in his sixties, that's quite a powerful declaration.

Is the sea a common symbol in Longfellow's other poems?

Yes, absolutely. Longfellow spent his childhood on the coast of Maine and revisited the sea many times in his work. In poems like "The Tide Rises, the Tide Falls" and "Seaweed," he employs coastal imagery to delve into themes of time, mortality, and emotional experiences. The ocean served as his go-to metaphor — a means of expressing inner life through the outer landscape.

What is the rhyme scheme of 'The Tides'?

The octave follows the traditional Petrarchan pattern: ABBA ABBA (shore/more/before/roar and sand/hand/expand/land). The sestet uses CDECDE (said/song/me / bed/strong/me). The close interlocking rhymes of the octave create a confined, trapped feeling that matches the mood of desolation, whereas the sestet's rhyme scheme opens up a bit, allowing the emotion to break free.

Citation

Cite this poem

MLA

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. "The Tides." Storgy, https://storgy.com/poems/the-tides-henry-wadsworth-longfellow/.

APA

Longfellow, H. W. (n.d.). The tides. Storgy. https://storgy.com/poems/the-tides-henry-wadsworth-longfellow/

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In 'The Tides,' Longfellow uses the volta of a Petrarchan sonnet not merely as a structural convenience but as a dramatized argument: the sudden return of the ocean's surge enacts the speaker's discovery that emotional desolation is never …

  • Row B — Evidence + Commentary4 pts
  • Row C — Sophistication1 pt
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