The Annotated Edition
THE SON OF THE EVENING STAR by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
This poem is a chapter from Longfellow's epic *The Song of Hiawatha*, presented as a story told during Hiawatha's wedding feast.
- Themes
- beauty, identity, love
§01Quick summary
What this poem is about
§02Themes
Recurring themes
§03Line by line
Stanza by stanza, with notes
Can it be the sun descending / O'er the level plain of water?
Editor's note
The poem begins with a riddle centered on the sunset. The speaker gazes toward the west, uncertain whether the sight before him is the sun dipping below the horizon, a legendary Red Swan bleeding into the water, or a bead of wampum on the Great Spirit's robe. This triple vision intertwines the natural and spiritual realms, establishing a dreamy, shape-shifting tone for what comes next.
Over it the Star of Evening / Melts and trembles through the purple,
Editor's note
The Evening Star (Venus) shines in the twilight sky. The poem quickly lends it a spiritual identity — it’s not merely a planet but a bead of wampum on the Great Spirit’s robe as he moves quietly through the heavens. This image grounds the entire story: the Evening Star represents a place, a parent, and a symbol of inner beauty all at once.
This with joy beheld Iagoo / And he said in haste: 'Behold it!
Editor's note
Iagoo, the wedding guest and renowned storyteller from the Hiawatha cycle, notices the Evening Star and takes it as his signal to begin the story of Osseo. The setting of a feast adds a shared, oral feeling to the legend — this is how myths were meant to be shared, passed from mouth to ear around a fire.
'Once, in days no more remembered, / Ages nearer the beginning,
Editor's note
Iagoo starts the main legend, placing it in a mythical past where gods were more present among humans. A hunter has ten daughters, and the youngest, Oweenee, stands out as the most beautiful but also the most headstrong. She turns down all her handsome suitors, setting her apart as someone who views the world in a unique way compared to those around her.
'All these women married warriors, / Married brave and haughty husbands;
Editor's note
The nine older sisters all marry strong, proud men — the choice everyone expects. Oweenee defies those expectations and marries Osseo, who is old, poor, unattractive, and always coughing. The difference is striking and intentional: the sisters focused on appearances, while Oweenee looked for something deeper.
'Ah, but beautiful within him / Was the spirit of Osseo,
Editor's note
Here, the poem shows what Oweenee already understood. Osseo's frail body is just a shell; within it shines the spirit of the Evening Star — full of fire, beauty, mystery, and passion. This is the main point of the poem: true worth is unseen by those who focus only on appearances, and in the end, those people will face the consequences of their ignorance.
'And her lovers, the rejected, / Handsome men with belts of wampum,
Editor's note
The rejected suitors publicly mock Oweenee. She responds with a calm, self-assured refusal — there's no argument or explanation; she simply states that she is happy. Her confidence in the midst of social ridicule positions her as the story's moral anchor.
'Once to some great feast invited, / Through the damp and dusk of evening,
Editor's note
The whole group walks together to a feast. The nine sisters and their husbands are chatting and laughing, while Osseo and Oweenee stroll in silence. Osseo frequently pauses to admire the Evening Star, whispering prayers to his father. The eldest sister cruelly mocks him, wishing he would trip and fall on the path.
'On their pathway through the woodlands / Lay an oak, by storms uprooted,
Editor's note
A hollow, decaying oak trunk blocks the path. Osseo jumps into one end, and out comes a young, tall, attractive man — his true form returned. However, this transformation has a price: Oweenee becomes a hunched old woman at the same time. The sisters burst into laughter once more. Osseo's response to this twist marks the poem's emotional turning point.
'But Osseo turned not from her, / Walked with slower step beside her,
Editor's note
Osseo mirrors what Oweenee did for him: he stays. He slows down, takes her frail hand, calls her 'sweetheart,' and talks gently to her all the way to the feast lodge. The poem clearly shows this parallel — love that looks beyond the physical form flows both ways.
'Wrapt in visions, lost in dreaming, / At the banquet sat Osseo;
Editor's note
At the feast, Osseo sits alone, not eating or talking, gazing up at the sky while glancing at Oweenee. He feels torn between two worlds. Suddenly, a voice echoes down from the stars — his father, the ruler of the Evening Star — calling him home and promising change for everyone in the lodge.
'Then a voice was heard, a whisper, / Coming from the starry distance,
Editor's note
The father's voice assures Osseo that the spell holding him will lift, that the wooden bowls in the lodge will transform into wampum and silver, and that the women will turn into birds shimmering with starlight. While Osseo understands these words, everyone else hears only a faint melody of birds — he alone can grasp the message.
'Then the lodge began to tremble, / Straight began to shake and tremble,
Editor's note
The wigwam stretches upward into the sky. As it rises, the wooden dishes turn into bright red shells, the kettles shine like silver bowls, and the roof-poles glimmer like silver rods. This change of everyday items into something valuable reflects Osseo's own transformation — what once seemed insignificant now shines brilliantly.
'Then Osseo gazed around him, / And he saw the nine fair sisters,
Editor's note
The nine sisters and their husbands transform into birds — jays, magpies, thrushes, blackbirds — hopping and fluttering around. Only Oweenee stays as she is, old and withered, watching with a sense of sadness. Osseo calls out once more, and in an instant, her youth and beauty return; her tattered clothes turn into luxurious ermine robes, and her walking staff transforms into a shimmering silver feather.
'And again the wigwam trembled, / Swayed and rushed through airy currents,
Editor's note
The lodge arrives at the Evening Star, settling down softly like a snowflake landing on the ground. Osseo's father welcomes them with open arms, sharing how the sisters were transformed into birds because they couldn't see through Osseo's old-man disguise. He also cautions Osseo about the wicked magician Wabeno, who resides in a nearby star and was responsible for the original curse.
'Many years, in peace and quiet, / On the peaceful Star of Evening
Editor's note
Osseo and Oweenee live joyfully on the Evening Star. They have a son who grows up to be both brave and beautiful. To keep the boy entertained, Osseo opens the silver cage, allowing the bird-aunts and uncles to fly free for target practice — a decision that unwittingly leads to the next catastrophe with a dark twist of irony.
'Round and round they wheeled and darted, / Filled the Evening Star with music,
Editor's note
The boy releases an arrow, hitting one of the birds. In an instant, the bird changes back into a young woman, the arrow embedded in her chest. Her blood on the Evening Star completely shatters the enchantment, and the boy feels himself being drawn back through the clouds toward the earth — as if pulled by invisible hands.
'After him he saw descending / All the birds with shining feathers,
Editor's note
Everyone returns to earth together — the birds, the lodge, Osseo, and Oweenee — landing on a green island in the great lake. The sisters and their husbands change back into human forms, but now they are small, resembling the Puk-Wudjies (the Little People of Ojibwe tradition). On summer nights, they dance together on the shore, and their lodge still sparkles there.
When the story was completed, / When the wondrous tale was ended,
Editor's note
Iagoo wraps up the tale with a clear lesson: great individuals are frequently ridiculed by those who fail to grasp their significance, and Osseo's story serves as a cautionary tale for the jesters. The wedding guests chuckle and murmur among themselves, speculating if Iagoo is referring to himself and whether they are the aunts and uncles. This self-aware humor lightens the mood just enough to feel relatable.
Then again sang Chibiabos, / Sang a song of love and longing,
Editor's note
The chapter ends with a love song performed by Chibiabos, the musician of the Hiawatha cycle. A maiden expresses her sorrow over being apart from her Algonquin lover, repeating his name like a chorus. The song resonates with the themes of faithful love and separation found in the Osseo story, gently wrapping up the wedding feast before the final couplet leaves Hiawatha alone with Minnehaha.
§04Tone & mood
How this poem feels
§05Symbols & metaphors
Symbols & metaphors
- The Evening Star
- Venus as the Evening Star is the poem's main symbol. It represents inner beauty, spiritual origins, and the truth hidden beneath appearances. Osseo literally descends from it and serves as both a home and a parent—the place where true worth is seen and valued.
- The hollow oak trunk
- The rotting, hollow oak serves as the boundary between Osseo's cursed form and his true self. It's a portal hidden within decay — something that appears dead and worthless on the outside actually holds a passage to transformation. It reflects Osseo perfectly.
- Birds
- The sisters and their husbands are transformed into birds as punishment for their mockery. In this context, birds symbolize individuals who lack depth — they may have bright feathers and sing pretty songs, but they are shallow. They can be beautiful without possessing wisdom, ultimately finding themselves in a cage, completely reliant on the very people they once ridiculed.
- Wampum
- Wampum, which are shell beads used in ceremonies and trade, serves as a symbol of spiritual value throughout. The Great Spirit adorns itself with it, and the lodge's bowls are turned into it. It indicates that something has moved from the everyday world into the sacred realm.
- The silver feather
- When Oweenee's youth is restored on the Evening Star, her walking staff — which represented her age and suffering — turns into a silver feather. This change from a symbol of her weakness to something light and radiant captures the essence of redemption in the poem's most vivid image.
- The Red Swan
- The Red Swan mentioned in the opening riddle comes from Ojibwe mythology. It is struck by a magical arrow, causing its blood to stain the water. This event hints at the arrow that eventually injures the bird-woman on the Evening Star, breaking her enchantment. In both instances, blood on a sacred surface disrupts magic.
§06Historical context
Historical context
§07FAQ
Questions readers ask
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