The Annotated Edition
THE FAMINE by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
This poem tells the story of Hiawatha, a Native American hero, as he faces a brutal winter famine and fever that devastate his village, leading to the death of his beloved wife, Minnehaha.
- Themes
- death, love, nature
§01Quick summary
What this poem is about
§02Themes
Recurring themes
§03Line by line
Stanza by stanza, with notes
Oh the long and dreary Winter! / Oh the cold and cruel Winter!
Editor's note
Longfellow begins with a chant-like lament that instantly establishes the mood. The repeated "Oh" and the accumulation of adjectives—dreary, cold, cruel—give winter a personality that seems almost malicious. The landscape isn't merely cold; it feels like an active force encroaching on the lives of those who inhabit it.
Hardly from his buried wigwam / Could the hunter force a passage;
Editor's note
We encounter an unnamed hunter who embodies the suffering of his entire community. He struggles to find game, falls in the snow, and ultimately dies there. This nameless death serves as a stark warning — if a skilled hunter can meet such a fate, then everyone is in danger. The word "vainly" is significant here: his expertise and hard work mean nothing in the face of famine.
Oh the famine and the fever! / Oh the wasting of the famine!
Editor's note
Another wave of incantatory repetition, this time naming the two great killers directly. The image of the "hungry stars" glaring like wolf eyes is striking—even the sky has taken on a predatory nature. The entire cosmos appears to be starving alongside the people or, even worse, feeding on them.
Into Hiawatha's wigwam / Came two other guests, as silent / As the ghosts were
Editor's note
Famine and Fever are depicted as uninvited guests who barge in and take Minnehaha's place — a chilling detail. They introduce themselves with their Ojibwe names, Bukadawin and Ahkosewin, linking the allegory to the cultural tradition that Longfellow is referencing. Minnehaha's trembling reaction reveals that she already knows the significance of their arrival.
Forth into the empty forest / Rushed the maddened Hiawatha;
Editor's note
Hiawatha responds to the crisis by taking action — hunting and providing. His expression reveals a "stony firmness," yet his sweat freezes before it can drop, a telling detail that conveys both the brutal cold and the intensity of his emotions simultaneously. He is a man striving to maintain his composure in an impossible situation.
"Gitche Manito, the Mighty!" / Cried he with his face uplifted
Editor's note
Hiawatha's prayer to the Great Spirit is simple and urgent: provide us food or we perish. The forest only responds with the name of his wife, which feels like a silence from the divine and a warning — the echo of "Minnehaha" signifies what he is truly on the brink of losing. His prayer remains unanswered.
All day long roved Hiawatha / In that melancholy forest,
Editor's note
Here, the poem shifts into memory. As Hiawatha walks through the winter forest, he remembers that same forest in summer when he brought Minnehaha home as his bride. The contrast is stark—birds singing versus silence, laughter versus death. This flashback intensifies the feeling of his current loss.
"Hark!" she said; "I hear a rushing, / Hear a roaring and a rushing,
Editor's note
Minnehaha's fading visions are depicted with deep compassion. She hears the falls she was named after, and she sees her father calling to her—both gently reframed by Nokomis as wind and smoke, yet the reader recognizes these as the illusions of a woman nearing death. Her last cry of "Hiawatha!" serves as the emotional high point of the poem.
And the desolate Hiawatha, / Far away amid the forest,
Editor's note
Hiawatha hears Minnehaha's cry from afar and rushes home, but he arrives too late. He returns "empty-handed, heavy-hearted" — these two words capture his complete failure as a hunter and a husband, even though the blame lies with the famine, not with him. Discovering her lifeless body, his sorrow is so overwhelming that the stars themselves tremble.
Then he sat down, still and speechless, / On the bed of Minnehaha,
Editor's note
Seven days of quiet, unmoving sorrow. Longfellow doesn't embellish this with tears or anger — the silence carries more weight. Hiawatha is so overwhelmed by his grief that he completely loses track of day and night, reflecting how profound loss can render time insignificant.
Then they buried Minnehaha; / In the snow a grave they made her
Editor's note
The burial is handled with great care and respect. She wears her finest clothes, wrapped in ermine, and is then covered with snow that resembles ermine — a striking and poignant image that turns her grave into a final gift. The fire, lit four times on her grave, honors Ojibwe tradition, helping to guide her soul to the afterlife.
"Farewell!" said he, "Minnehaha! / Farewell, O my Laughing Water!
Editor's note
Hiawatha's closing speech serves as both a farewell and a promise. He urges her not to go back to a world filled with famine and suffering, and he pledges to join her soon in the "Islands of the Blessed." The tone isn’t one of despair; instead, it’s resolute — his grief has transformed into a guiding force, directing him toward her.
§04Tone & mood
How this poem feels
§05Symbols & metaphors
Symbols & metaphors
- Winter and snow
- The winter isn't just a season; it's more like an enemy. The snow hides wigwams, wipes out animal tracks, and ultimately blankets Minnehaha's grave. It symbolizes forces beyond our control: death, scarcity, and nature's indifference to human suffering.
- Famine and Fever as uninvited guests
- By personifying Famine and Fever and having them enter the wigwam to take Minnehaha's seat, Longfellow makes these abstract threats feel immediate and invasive. They don't knock or hesitate. This reflects the nature of disease and starvation—they show up unannounced and seize what they desire.
- The echo of Minnehaha's name
- When Hiawatha prays to Gitche Manito, the forest responds only with "Minnehaha." This echo carries a dual meaning: it reflects the silence of a god who doesn't answer, and it symbolizes the forest highlighting what Hiawatha is about to lose. The name translates to "Laughing Water," making the echo of laughter in a fading forest all the more poignant.
- The burial fire
- The fire lit four times on Minnehaha's grave comes from Ojibwe spiritual practice, intended to guide the soul's journey to the afterlife. For Hiawatha, watching it burn throughout the night to keep it alive is the final act of love he can offer her — protecting her from darkness even in death.
- The Islands of the Blessed / Kingdom of Ponemah
- This is the Ojibwe afterlife, and Hiawatha's repeated mentions of it shift the view of death from an ending to a destination. His promise to join Minnehaha there turns his grief into a sense of purpose, adding a touch of hope amidst the sorrow at the poem's conclusion.
- Summer memory
- The flashback to the summer when Hiawatha brought Minnehaha home as his bride — with birds singing, streams bubbling, and the air filled with fragrance — stands in stark contrast to the frozen, silent, and deadly present. Summer represents life, love, and possibility, embodying everything the famine has taken away.
§06Historical context
Historical context
§07FAQ
Questions readers ask
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