The Annotated Edition
Preliminary Note by James Russell Lowell
This "Preliminary Note" is a playful mock obituary for the fictional Reverend Homer Wilbur, a made-up clergyman from New England known for editing Lowell's satirical *Biglow Papers*.
- Core theme
- Death
Study actions
§01Quick summary
What this poem is about
§02Themes
Recurring themes
§03Line by line
Stanza by stanza, with notes
It is with feelings of the liveliest pain that we inform our readers of the death of the Reverend Homer Wilbur...
Editor's note
Lowell begins with a typical Victorian literary obituary formula but quickly introduces humor by adding ridiculous details like the made-up town of 'Pigsgusset Precinct (now West Jerusha)' and the equally fictional 'Hubville College.' The overly serious tone of the editorial voice establishes the satirical vibe for what comes next.
'As an antiquary he has probably left no superior, if, indeed, an equal,' writes his friend and colleague, the Reverend Jeduthun Hitchcock...
Editor's note
The tribute from Hitchcock is a spot-on parody of the self-serving nature of Victorian clerical praise. While the compliments sound impressive, they lack substance, and the mention of Wilbur's hymn being confused with President Dwight's work is a clever jab at the blandness common in pious New England poetry. Lowell isn't just poking fun at one individual; he's taking aim at an entire literary tradition.
We regret that we have not room at present for the whole of Mr. Hitchcock's exceedingly valuable communication...
Editor's note
The numbered list of the letter's contents is the comic centerpiece of the piece. Each item is funnier than the last, starting with a reasonable biography and spiraling into absurd minutiae like 'societies with which, had his life been prolonged, he would doubtless have been associated.' Item 8, which discusses Wilbur's thoughts on the 'Tenth Horn of the Beast,' hints at the old man's quirky theological fixations, while item 9 shows that Hitchcock is on the same wavelength.
In a private letter with which the reverend gentleman has since favored us, he expresses the opinion that Mr. Wilbur's life was shortened by our unhappy civil war...
Editor's note
The tone changes here. The Civil War interrupts the comedy, and Wilbur's last words resonate deeply. His failure to read Milton's 'Hymn of the Nativity' on Christmas morning, substituted by the ominous phrase 'I came not to send peace, but a sword,' reflects a man whose faith in human self-governance and the solace of tradition has been broken by the war. Lowell uses this fictional character to convey a genuine cultural sorrow.
Mr. Hitchcock also informs us that his friend 'lies buried in the Jaalam graveyard, under a large red-cedar which he specially admired...'
Editor's note
The last detail about Wilbur composing his own Latin epitaph adds a humorous touch: even in death, the scholar can't help but flaunt his classical education. The editor's note at the very end, which says the fragment was 'found upon his table after his passing,' wraps up the narrative and seamlessly transitions the reader to the next part of the *Biglow Papers*.
§04Tone & mood
How this poem feels
§05Symbols & metaphors
Symbols & metaphors
- The Reverend Homer Wilbur
- Wilbur represents a specific archetype: the educated, well-intentioned, somewhat self-important New England clergyman-scholar. His world of local history, classical references, and easygoing faith is being overtaken by the forces of modernity and conflict.
- Milton's 'Hymn of the Nativity'
- For Wilbur, this poem is a yearly tradition that brings him spiritual peace and a sense of divine order. His failure to read it on his last Christmas morning marks the total breakdown of that inner world, overwhelmed by the Civil War.
- The Latin epitaph
- Wilbur's Latin inscription, written by himself, reflects the traditional New England belief in classical learning as a symbol of civilization and personal dignity. It’s charming yet slightly ridiculous, serving as a final expression of scholarly pride.
- The red-cedar tree
- Cedars have long been seen as symbols of mourning and resilience. The fact that Wilbur 'specially admired' this tree adds a personal, gentle touch to his burial, contrasting with the humor around it.
- 'I came not to send peace, but a sword'
- This biblical quotation, which takes the place of Milton in Wilbur's mind on his last day, represents the very split of the Civil War: the brutal conflict of a Christian nation ripping itself apart, something Wilbur struggles to reconcile with his faith.
§06Historical context
Historical context
§07FAQ
Questions readers ask
Is the Reverend Homer Wilbur a real person?
No. Wilbur is a made-up character created by Lowell for The Biglow Papers, a long-running satirical piece. Wilbur acts as the mock-scholarly editor who presents and comments on the dialect poems of another fictional character, Hosea Biglow. The entire obituary is an intricate joke, crafted to sound entirely believable.
What are *The Biglow Papers* and why does this piece belong to them?
The Biglow Papers is a collection of satirical poems and prose written by Lowell, released in two parts. The first part criticizes the Mexican-American War, while the second reflects on the Civil War. The poems use Yankee dialect and are presented as the work of a fictional farmer named Hosea Biglow, with Wilbur serving as his imaginary editor. This 'Preliminary Note' serves as an introduction to the second series, revealing the news of Wilbur's death.
What is Lowell making fun of in this piece?
Lowell is poking fun at the pretentiousness of New England's clerical and scholarly elite: the exaggerated obituaries, the sycophantic praise among clergymen, the fixation on local history, and the tendency to sprinkle Latin phrases into conversation as a sign of education. The numbered list in Hitchcock's letter, detailing societies Wilbur would have joined if he had lived, serves as the clearest example of this satire.
What does the Latin phrase 'Summum nec metuo diem, nec opto' mean?
It roughly translates to 'I neither fear the last day nor desire it,' a line from the Roman poet Martial. Wilbur uses it to convey a calm acceptance of death. The choice to quote a pagan Roman poet as a Christian minister adds a touch of humor, reflecting the New England clergyman's fondness for classical learning.
Why can't Wilbur read Milton on his last Christmas morning?
Wilbur has a tradition of reading Milton's 'Ode on the Morning of Christ's Nativity' every Christmas to uplift his spirits. However, on Christmas 1862, the Civil War has so unsettled him that he can only recall the biblical line 'I came not to send peace, but a sword.' The war has shattered the ritual that once brought him solace, and this is what Lowell implies ultimately leads to his demise.
Is this piece a poem or prose?
It is a piece of prose, specifically a mock editorial obituary. It is part of The Biglow Papers and serves as a framing piece rather than one of the verse satires. Lowell demonstrated his skill as a prose satirist just as effectively as he did as a poet, and this piece highlights that aspect of his talent.
What does the piece say about the Civil War?
Lowell uses Wilbur's death to convey a serious message under the humor: the Civil War didn't only take the lives of soldiers; it shattered the mental and spiritual landscape of an older generation of Americans who had faith in self-government and a reliable, divine order. Wilbur's crisis of faith on his final morning illustrates Lowell's point that the war undermined the very foundations of American civilization.
Why does Wilbur write his own Latin epitaph?
It’s the last joke of the piece. Wilbur cheerfully notes that a scholar's death is the one time he can flaunt the perks of a classical education. It's a tongue-in-cheek, somewhat proud moment that Lowell conveys with warmth. Even in death, the old scholar can’t help but showcase his knowledge.
Citation
Cite this poem
MLA
Lowell, James Russell. "Preliminary Note." Storgy, https://storgy.com/poems/preliminary-note-james-russell-lowell/.
APA
Lowell, J. R. (n.d.). Preliminary note. Storgy. https://storgy.com/poems/preliminary-note-james-russell-lowell/
Row A — Thesis
1 ptIn 'Preliminary Note,' James Russell Lowell employs the elaborate machinery of scholarly mourning — obituary lists, clerical eulogies, and mock-Latin gravitas — to expose how institutional language insulates comfortable men from the moral …
- Row B — Evidence + Commentary4 pts
- Row C — Sophistication1 pt
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