The Annotated Edition
PAU-PUK-KEEWIS by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Pau-Puk-Keewis is the trickster of Hiawatha's village — charming, reckless, and always looking for a good time at the expense of others.
- Themes
- art, freedom, identity
§01Quick summary
What this poem is about
§02Themes
Recurring themes
§03Line by line
Stanza by stanza, with notes
You shall hear how Pau-Puk-Keewis, / He, the handsome Yenadizze,
Editor's note
Longfellow begins by directly addressing the reader, a technique reminiscent of the oral storytelling found in the Finnish epic *Kalevala*. He introduces Pau-Puk-Keewis with the nicknames "Yenadizze," which means a foolish or crazy person in Ojibwe, and "Storm-Fool," portraying him as a stunning yet chaotic presence. The enumeration of upcoming events—mischief, flight, transmigrations—acts like a table of contents, heightening the sense of anticipation.
On the shores of Gitche Gumee, / On the dunes of Nagow Wudjoo,
Editor's note
The poem is firmly rooted in a particular setting: the shores of Lake Superior (Gitche Gumee) and the sand dunes of Grand Sable (Nagow Wudjoo). Longfellow ties Pau-Puk-Keewis closely to this land—he literally *created* those dunes by swirling sand in his excitement during Hiawatha's wedding dance. From the very beginning, place and character are intertwined.
Now, in search of new adventures, / From his lodge went Pau-Puk-Keewis,
Editor's note
The action begins. Pau-Puk-Keewis enters the village and discovers the young men gathered around Iagoo, the village braggart and storyteller. Iagoo is in the middle of recounting a tale about Ojeeg the Summer-Maker — a character from Ojibwe tradition who broke through the sky to bring forth summer. This nested story-within-a-story reflects the oral tradition that Longfellow is imitating.
How the Otter first essayed it; / How the Beaver, Lynx, and Badger
Editor's note
Iagoo's story follows a familiar folklore structure: various animals try to accomplish a significant task but fail, leading to an unexpected hero who ultimately prevails. The Wolverine's stance — knees bent like a squirrel and arms pulled back like a cricket — is both humorous and vivid. The sky splitting open like river ice creates a powerful image that brings the supernatural down to earth.
"Hark you!" shouted Pau-Puk-Keewis / As he entered at the doorway;
Editor's note
Pau-Puk-Keewis can't contain his impatience and interrupts the story. He's tired of the wisdom and narrative and craves action. To shake things up, he introduces the gambling game Pugasaing — an authentic Ojibwe bowl-and-counter game. Longfellow details each piece with careful attention: the serpents, wedge-men, war-club, fish, ducklings, and brass discs, all of which have their own names and point values.
Thus he taught the game of hazard, / Thus displayed it and explained it,
Editor's note
The gambling session heats up. Everyone gets involved — both old and young men — playing through the night. By morning, Pau-Puk-Keewis has taken their best possessions: deer-skin shirts, ermine robes, wampum belts, and weapons. The change from "twenty curious eyes" to "twenty eyes glared wildly at him, like the eyes of wolves" captures the mood perfectly — wonder has turned into fury.
Said the lucky Pau-Puk-Keewis: / "In my wigwam I am lonely,
Editor's note
Having won everything, Pau-Puk-Keewis places one last bet: all his winnings against a single young man, Iagoo's nephew, Face-in-a-Mist. He presents it as a matter of loneliness — seeking a companion and pipe-bearer — but it feels like pure provocation. Iagoo's anger is evident in his glowing eyes and curt replies ("Ugh!"), and when he throws the bowl and scores a mere five points, his defeat is complete.
Hot and red with smoke and gambling / Were the eyes of Pau-Puk-Keewis
Editor's note
Pau-Puk-Keewis steps out into a fresh summer morning, and the contrast is striking: the smoky, tense lodge behind him and the singing birds and flowing streams ahead. His heart "sang with pleasure" and "beat with triumph." The natural world reflects his mood, making what comes next feel even more intentional — he chooses destruction amidst such beauty.
Silent was it and deserted; / No one met him at the doorway,
Editor's note
Finding Hiawatha's lodge empty, Pau-Puk-Keewis spots an opportunity. The raven Kahgahgee perches on the ridge-pole, screaming at him—a warning he chooses to ignore. He strangles the raven and hangs its body as a pointed insult to Hiawatha, then steps inside and throws the household into turmoil. This vandalism isn't random; it's specifically directed at Nokomis and Minnehaha (Laughing Water), Hiawatha's grandmother and wife.
Then departed Pau-Puk-Keewis, / Whistling, singing through the forest,
Editor's note
After the destruction, Pau-Puk-Keewis strolls away whistling. Squirrels drop acorn shells on him while birds chime in with his tune. Nature appears to join his little performance, showing no concern for his recent actions. He climbs to a rocky headland overlooking Lake Superior and lies back — relaxed, victorious, waiting for Hiawatha's return. Then he begins to take down birds by the dozens, and it's the seagulls who finally raise the alarm.
§04Tone & mood
How this poem feels
§05Symbols & metaphors
Symbols & metaphors
- The gambling game (Pugasaing)
- The bowl-and-counter game goes beyond mere entertainment; it serves as a way for Pau-Puk-Keewis to establish dominance within the community. By taking the possessions of young men and ultimately winning a human servant, he transforms a social ritual into a conquest. The game's intricate rules and named pieces reflect Longfellow's intention to capture genuine Ojibwe material culture.
- Kahgahgee the Raven
- Ravens hold significant roles as messengers and guardians in various Indigenous traditions. Kahgahgee perches on Hiawatha's ridge-pole, screaming a warning that Pau-Puk-Keewis disregards and then silences. Strangling the bird and hanging its body goes beyond mere cruelty; it challenges Hiawatha's authority directly and disrespects the spiritual guardian of his home.
- Gitche Gumee (Lake Superior)
- The great lake serves as a constant backdrop in the poem, symbolizing the vast and indifferent natural world that overshadows human actions. After committing his crimes, Pau-Puk-Keewis sits above it, feeling triumphant, yet the sheer scale of the lake subtly diminishes his sense of victory. It also acts as the channel for the alarm to be raised — the seagulls that inhabit its waters become the messengers of justice.
- The sand dunes of Nagow Wudjoo
- Pau-Puk-Keewis is said to have created these dunes with his wild dancing. They reflect his presence in the landscape — beautiful, restless, and born from chaos. Revisiting them at the end of the section connects his character to a wild, creative-destructive energy that reshapes the world without concern for the consequences.
- The birds (mountain chickens and sea-gulls)
- The birds Pau-Puk-Keewis slaughters on the headland mark the moment when his mischief crosses into real harm. Before, his tricks involved social antics — gambling, vandalism, and provocation. But killing Hiawatha's mountain chickens by the hundreds is just pointless destruction. The sea-gulls that survive and carry the news to Hiawatha symbolize the community's ability to respond and hold wrongdoers accountable.
§06Historical context
Historical context
§07FAQ
Questions readers ask
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