The Annotated Edition
MASSACHUSETTS REGIMENT by James Russell Lowell
This poem-letter is a satirical piece from James Russell Lowell's *Biglow Papers*.
- Themes
- freedom, identity, sorrow
§01Quick summary
What this poem is about
§02Themes
Recurring themes
§03Line by line
Stanza by stanza, with notes
[This letter of Mr. Sawin's was not originally written in verse...]
Editor's note
This is the fictional preface penned by the pretentious Reverend Homer Wilbur, Lowell's made-up editor. Wilbur goes on and on about the roots of rhyme, claiming that Hebrew is the natural language of children, and meanders through Scottish kings — all of it intentionally silly filler. The punchline is that Wilbur, a pompous blowhard, obscures the real issue (a soldier's disillusionment) with heaps of academic nonsense. Lowell is poking fun at self-important intellectuals who can twist any human suffering into a reason for a footnote.
MISTER BUCKINUM, the follerin Billet was writ hum by a Yung feller of our town...
Editor's note
Now we hear from Hosea Biglow himself, who introduces the letter. He remarks that a young man from their town was "cussed fool enuff" to follow a drum and fife into trouble — a blunt yet affectionate way to comment on the recruit's naivety. Biglow observes that the soldier is likely "middlin tired o' volunteerin by this Time," which is an impressive understatement. The detail about the recruiting sergeant's fancy feather on his hat being what inspired the enlistment is Lowell's sharpest satirical jab: young men rush off to war for the silliest, most superficial reasons.
his Folks gin the letter to me and i shew it to parson Wilbur...
Editor's note
Biglow shares the story of how the letter moved from the soldier's family to Parson Wilbur, who chose to publish it. Wilbur's endorsement — 'I du like a feller that aint a Feared' — serves as the moral core of the entire framing device: honesty and straightforward bravery hold more weight than refinement or nationalism. The final note that 'We're a kind o' prest with Hayin' offers a delightful comic touch, anchoring all this political commentary in the everyday patterns of farm life.
§04Tone & mood
How this poem feels
§05Symbols & metaphors
Symbols & metaphors
- The drum and fife
- The traditional tools of military recruitment illustrate the alluring yet superficial charm of war—an enticing display that draws in young men before they truly grasp what they're committing to.
- The cocktail feather on the sergeant's hat
- A seemingly insignificant decoration that prompts the young man to enlist through 'a soshiashun of idees.' It symbolizes the absurd and random reasons behind life-changing decisions, as well as the cynical tactics used by military recruiters.
- The dialect spelling
- Lowell's phonetic Yankee spelling serves as a marker — it identifies the speaker as uneducated and thus genuine, unlike the refined language used by politicians and generals who send working-class men to fight in wars.
- Parson Wilbur's footnotes and digressions
- The Reverend's extensive discussion about Hebrew, Phrygian, and Scottish kings shows how educated institutions complicate straightforward moral questions with so much language that the human cost gets completely lost.
- Hayin (haying season)
- The poem's final reference to being burdened by haying ties it to the tangible realities of rural labor. It represents the everyday existence that war disrupts and subtly implies that genuine work in the fields holds greater value than the glory found on a battlefield.
§06Historical context
Historical context
§07FAQ
Questions readers ask
Read next