The Annotated Edition
Intended to Go with a Posset Dish to My Dear Little Goddaughter, 1882 by James Russell Lowell
A humorous poem by James Russell Lowell, crafted to accompany a posset dish given to his goddaughter during her christening in 1882.
- Core theme
- Faith
Study actions
§01Quick summary
What this poem is about
§02Themes
Recurring themes
§03Line by line
Stanza by stanza, with notes
In good old times, which means, you know, / The time men wasted long ago,
Editor's note
Lowell kicks things off with a nod to nostalgia. He quickly deflates the idea of "good old times," suggesting that it was just a period when people simply *wasted* time. Right from the start, he's letting us know that this poem isn’t going to be too serious.
In those blest days when wish was act / And fancy dreamed itself to fact,
Editor's note
He talks about a fairy-tale time when imagination truly held power—a realm filled with magic and legend. This highlights the contrast with his own practical, un-magical role as a godfather who can't actually create gold.
Godfathers used to fill with guineas / The cups they gave their pickaninnies,
Editor's note
The tradition he mentions is genuine: wealthy godfathers used to fill christening cups with gold coins. "Pickaninnies" is employed here in its older, now-obsolete British meaning of small children or godchildren — although the term has a profoundly offensive racial history in American English, and a contemporary reader will understandably find it unsettling.
No millioner, poor I fill up / With wishes my more modest cup,
Editor's note
Lowell acknowledges that he's not a millionaire and can't fill the cup with coins. Instead, he offers wishes — a self-deprecating choice that establishes the central idea of the poem: the cup serves as a vessel for blessings rather than for gold.
Though had I Amalthea's horn / It should be hers the newly born.
Editor's note
Amalthea's horn is the cornucopia from Greek mythology — the iconic horn of plenty that spills over with endless abundance. Lowell mentions that if he had infinite wealth, every last bit would be dedicated to the baby. The punchline that follows — she couldn't even blow the horn because it's overflowing — is quintessentially Lowell: a classical reference playfully undermined by absurdity.
Wishes aren't horses: true, but still / There are worse roadsters than goodwill.
Editor's note
A twist on the saying "if wishes were horses, beggars would ride." Lowell acknowledges the truth in this but counters: goodwill might not be a horse, but it can still be a decent ride. It's a soft defense of the importance of genuine well-wishing.
And so I wish my darling health, / And just to round my couplet, wealth,
Editor's note
He mentions the classic trio of blessings — health, wealth, wisdom — but honestly confesses that he includes "wealth" mainly to keep the rhyme intact. It's a humorous acknowledgment of the challenges that come with writing poetry.
With faith enough to bridge the chasm / 'Twixt Genesis and Protoplasm,
Editor's note
One of the poem's most memorable lines. Written in 1882, a little more than twenty years after Darwin's *On the Origin of Species*, this reflects the intense struggle of the time between religious belief and evolutionary science. He hopes the child has enough faith to reconcile both perspectives — to bridge the divide between the Bible's creation narrative and biology's explanation of life.
And bear her o'er life's current vext / From this world to a better next,
Editor's note
He develops the bridge metaphor into a river crossing: faith as the means that helps her navigate the turbulent waters of life into whatever lies beyond death. The tone shifts to something more sincere for a moment before the poem returns to its cleverness.
Where the full glow of God puts out / Poor reason's farthing candle, Doubt.
Editor's note
A stunning image: divine understanding shines so brightly that it wipes out doubt just like sunlight renders a tiny candle useless. A farthing was the smallest coin in British currency, so "farthing candle" refers to the weakest, most insignificant light possible. Doubt is given a form and then cast aside.
I've wished her healthy, wealthy, wise, / What more can godfather devise?
Editor's note
A brief pause and a rhetorical shrug — he's touched on the usual points. But the poem isn't finished yet; he quickly responds to his own question with deeper, more personal wishes.
But since there's room for countless wishes / In these old-fashioned posset dishes,
Editor's note
He goes back to the physical object — the posset dish — to emphasize that this is a genuine gift poem, connected to something tangible. The dish symbolizes generosity and a comforting, old-fashioned warmth.
Her father's wit, veined through and through / With tenderness that Watts (but whew!
Editor's note
Now the wishes become more personal. He hopes the child inherits her father's wit — but not the kind that's cold; he wants it to be a wit infused with tenderness. He begins to draw a comparison to a portrait by the painter G.F. Watts but stops himself mid-sentence, concerned that the compliment might cause embarrassment or be misunderstood.
I wish her next, and 'tis the soul / Of all I've dropt into the bowl,
Editor's note
The deepest wish, the essence of everything he's put into the cup, is about to be revealed. The phrase "soul of all" marks a change from lightheartedness to something truly heartfelt.
Her mother's beauty--nay, but two / So fair at once would never do.
Editor's note
He wishes the child inherits her mother’s beauty but quickly backtracks with a humorous thought: having two such beautiful people at once would be overwhelming for the world. He settles on wishing her just *half* of that beauty—which he jokingly claims was enough to spark the Trojan War.
Now if there's any truth in Darwin, / And we from what was, all we are win,
Editor's note
He playfully references Darwin's theory of inheritance. If we really are shaped by our predecessors, then hoping for the child to be a "sample of Heredity" is just a way of wanting her to be the best version of her parents — a clever, scientific-sounding way to sum up all his blessings.
Enjoying to the full extent / Life's best, the Unearned Increment
Editor's note
"Unearned Increment" is an economic term introduced by John Stuart Mill, referring to value that comes to someone without any personal effort — such as land that gains worth just because a city expands nearby. Lowell cleverly applies it to denote the advantages of birth: attributes like beauty, intelligence, and good health passed down from exceptional parents.
Which Fate her Godfather to flout / Gave _him_ in legacies of gout.
Editor's note
The poem wraps up with a self-deprecating joke. Fate also handed Lowell his own "unearned inheritance" — gout, the painful joint condition linked to indulgent eating and aging. He finishes with a laugh at himself, perfectly matching the poem's generous and self-aware tone.
Thus, then, the cup is duly filled; / Walk steady, dear, lest all be spilled.
Editor's note
A perfect closing couplet. The metaphor of the cup filled with wishes comes full circle: the poem reaches its end, and the gift is bestowed. The last line offers gentle advice to the baby — take care as you navigate life so you don’t misplace what you’ve received. It’s both amusing and affectionate.
§04Tone & mood
How this poem feels
§05Symbols & metaphors
Symbols & metaphors
- The posset dish / cup
- The physical christening gift that anchors the whole poem. Lowell transforms it into a vessel for his wishes instead of using gold coins, making a material object a container for love and hope. By the final line, the cup being "full" signifies that the poem itself is complete.
- Amalthea's horn (cornucopia)
- The mythological horn of endless plenty symbolizes the boundless generosity Lowell *would* display if he had the means. His financial modesty is often compared to this unattainable ideal of abundance.
- The farthing candle
- The smallest, cheapest candle — symbolizing human doubt and the boundaries of rational thought. When faced with the full light of God, doubt becomes insignificant and easily snuffed out. This simple image conveys a significant theological message without coming across as preachy.
- The bridge over the chasm
- Faith serves as a bridge connecting religious belief (Genesis) to scientific fact (protoplasm, evolution). This concept encapsulates the Victorian crisis of faith in a single, vivid image, presenting faith as a practical and structural element rather than just an emotional one.
- Heredity / Darwin
- Lowell draws on the emerging science of inheritance to outline his final wishes. By referencing Darwin, he reinterprets his blessings as natural phenomena instead of mystical elements — the child's abilities are inherent in her parents, and he is merely hoping for these traits to be inherited.
- Gout
- Lowell's inherited affliction serves as a humorous contrast to the beautiful things he hopes for his goddaughter. This detail adds depth to his character and wraps up the poem with a sense of bittersweet self-awareness.
§06Form & structure
Form & structure
- Meter
- iambic tetrameter
- Rhyme
- AABBCCDDEEAABBCCDDEEFFGGHHIIJJKKLLMMNNOOAABBCCAABBCCDDAABB
§07Historical context
Historical context
§08FAQ
Questions readers ask
What is a posset dish?
A posset dish is a two-handled cup that’s traditionally used to serve posset—a warm drink made by curdling hot milk with wine or ale, often spiced up. In earlier centuries, they were popular gifts for christenings, sometimes filled with coins by generous godfathers. Lowell is giving one as a christening gift and using it as the poem's central metaphor.
What does "bridging the chasm 'twixt Genesis and Protoplasm" mean?
This is Lowell's way of describing the clash between religious belief and Darwinian science. "Genesis" refers to the biblical story of creation, while "Protoplasm" was a significant term in 1880s biology, indicating the fundamental living substance of cells — the very material that evolution acts upon. He hopes his goddaughter has enough faith to embrace both perspectives without feeling conflicted by their differences.
Who is Amalthea, and what is her horn?
In Greek mythology, Amalthea was a goat (or goat-nymph) who cared for the baby Zeus. When one of her horns broke, it transformed into the cornucopia — the "horn of plenty" that spills over with endless food and wealth. Lowell uses this symbolism to express that if he had limitless riches, he would give all of it to his goddaughter.
What is the "Unearned Increment" and why does Lowell use that phrase?
"Unearned Increment" is an economics term popularized by philosopher John Stuart Mill, referring to value that a person receives without any effort on their part — for example, a landowner whose property gains value just because a city expands around it. Lowell uses this concept playfully to describe the gifts of birth: beauty, wit, and good health that a child receives from their parents without having to work for them. He then reflects on his own situation — his unearned inheritance from Fate turned out to be gout.
Why does Lowell only wish the child *half* her mother's beauty?
It's a joke that references the legend of Helen of Troy, whose beauty sparked the Trojan War. Lowell suggests that having two women as stunning as her mother would be overwhelming for the world — so he settles for half. He goes on to say that even half of her mother's beauty was enough to lay siege to Troy for ten years, which is quite a roundabout way of complimenting the mother.
Is this poem meant to be read aloud at the christening?
Almost certainly yes, or at least the family read it when they received the gift. Poems like this were often crafted for sharing in social settings—they're just as much about performance as they are about personal expression. The jokes hit harder when spoken aloud, and the final line ("Walk steady, dear, lest all be spilled") makes for a great toast.
What does Lowell mean by "wishes aren't horses"?
He's playing off the old English proverb: "If wishes were horses, beggars would ride" — suggesting that merely wishing isn’t enough to make things happen. Lowell gets that but believes goodwill can still take you places. It’s a thoughtful, self-aware defense of writing a poem rich in wishes rather than handing over actual gold.
Who is the painter Watts that Lowell mentions?
G.F. Watts (1817–1904) was a renowned British portrait painter during the Victorian era, famous for his large, allegorical works and portraits of notable individuals. "Sir Josh" is a reference to Sir Joshua Reynolds, the prominent portrait artist from the 18th century. Lowell begins to liken the father's portrait to a painting by Watts but quickly becomes flustered—concerned that such a comparison might come off as a criticism—and leaves the thought unfinished. This moment of self-interruption is intentionally comedic.
Citation
Cite this poem
MLA
Lowell, James Russell. "Intended to Go with a Posset Dish to My Dear Little Goddaughter, 1882." Storgy, https://storgy.com/poems/intended-to-go-with-a-posset-dish-to-my-dear-little-goddaughter-1882-james-russell-lowell/.
APA
Lowell, J. R. (n.d.). Intended to go with a posset dish to my dear little goddaughter, 1882. Storgy. https://storgy.com/poems/intended-to-go-with-a-posset-dish-to-my-dear-little-goddaughter-1882-james-russell-lowell/
Row A — Thesis
1 ptIn 'Intended to Go with a Posset Dish to My Dear Little Goddaughter, 1882,' James Russell Lowell deploys an ironic, self-deprecating speaker to argue that the most valuable inheritance a child can receive is not material fortune but the …
- Row B — Evidence + Commentary4 pts
- Row C — Sophistication1 pt
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