The Annotated Edition
From the Purgatorio of Dante, Canto 28, Lines 1-51 by Percy Bysshe Shelley
Shelley translates the beginning of Canto 28 from Dante's *Purgatorio*, where the pilgrim enters a divine forest at the summit of Purgatory and encounters a mysterious, beautiful woman singing and picking flowers next to a dark, crystal-clear stream.
- Core theme
- Beauty
Study actions
§01Quick summary
What this poem is about
§02Themes
Recurring themes
§03Line by line
Stanza by stanza, with notes
And earnest to explore within—around— / The divine wood, whose thick green living woof
Editor's note
The pilgrim steps into the sacred forest at the peak of Purgatory, filled with anticipation and wonder. Shelley's word "woof" (referring to the crosswise threads in a weave) transforms the canopy into a vibrant tapestry, softly filtering the morning light in a way that feels gentle and almost protective.
Up the green slope, beneath the forest's roof, / With slow, soft steps leaving the mountain's steep,
Editor's note
The pace is careful and respectful—"slow, soft steps" is repeated twice in the original Italian and mirrored here. The pilgrim is leaving behind the challenging ascent of Purgatory's mountain and stepping into something entirely new: a realm of ease and wonder.
Against the air, that in that stillness deep / And solemn, struck upon my forehead bare,
Editor's note
Inside the forest, the air hardly stirs—the winding interior is almost "motion-proof" against the wind outside. Still, a gentle, steady breeze brushes against the pilgrim's bare forehead, a touch so light that Shelley leaves the final word of line 9 blank, reflecting the incomplete manuscript.
In which the ... leaves tremblingly were / All bent towards that part where earliest
Editor's note
The leaves lean eastward, reaching toward the rising sun — a detail Dante uses to indicate spiritual orientation. Even the trees in this sacred space turn toward the light. The ellipsis in line 10 is authentic: Shelley's manuscript ends here, and editors chose to keep the gap instead of adding a word.
Yet were they not so shaken from the rest, / But that the birds, perched on the utmost spray,
Editor's note
Despite the gentle wind, the branches remain stable enough for birds to perch and sing without interruption. Shelley conveys Dante's idea that this forest possesses its own perfect, self-contained harmony — here, nature is neither wild nor threatening but rather ordered and joyful.
Such as from bough to bough gathers around / The pine forest on bleak Chiassi's shore,
Editor's note
Shelley offers a tangible comparison: the pine forest close to Chiassi (Classe), the historic port of Ravenna, where Dante lived during his exile. When the south wind (Sirocco), set free by the wind-god Aeolus, sweeps through those pines, it creates the same kind of soft, steady sound. This is a moment where Dante's earthly memories merge with his celestial vision.
My slow steps had already borne me o'er / Such space within the antique wood, that I
Editor's note
The pilgrim has ventured so far into the forest that he can't remember where he came in — he's completely enveloped in the experience, well beyond the point of easy return. This slight disorientation isn't alarming; it marks a deep immersion in the sacred space.
When, lo! a stream whose little waves went by, / Bending towards the left through grass that grew
Editor's note
A stream suddenly blocks the path. In Dante's original, this is the river Lethe, whose waters wash away the memory of sin. Shelley's "lo!" captures the surprise of the moment — the stream appears out of nowhere, and the world changes.
Water of purest hue / On earth, would appear turbid and impure
Editor's note
The stream's water is incredibly clear, making any earthly water seem muddy in comparison. It's also described as "dark, dark, yet clear" — it flows beneath thick, perpetual shade where neither sunlight nor moonlight can penetrate. This paradox (dark yet transparent) sets it apart as something extraordinary in the natural world.
I moved not with my feet, but mid the glooms / Pierced with my charmed eye, contemplating
Editor's note
The pilgrim pauses and simply observes. His eyes now do the traveling, taking in the distant shore adorned with May flowers that shimmer like stars in the twilight. "Charmed" is the perfect word — he’s captivated, rooted to the spot by sheer awe.
Which starred that night, when, even as a thing / That suddenly, for blank astonishment,
Editor's note
The sentence leads up to a surprising moment: something emerges that halts all thought. Shelley's syntax reflects this experience — the clause extends and lingers, mirroring how time stands still in the moment of surprise before the woman is finally named.
A solitary woman! and she went / Singing and gathering flower after flower,
Editor's note
The exclamation mark captures the essence perfectly. After all the detailed, slow depiction of the forest and stream, a woman suddenly appears — alone, singing, and picking flowers. The straightforward phrase "flower after flower" is intentionally relaxed, reflecting her own focused, natural movements.
'Bright lady, who, if looks had ever power / To bear true witness of the heart within,
Editor's note
The pilgrim calls out to her, speaking with a polite and thoughtful tone. He sees joy and love reflected in her expression and invites her to step closer to the bank so he can listen to her song. There’s a softness in his approach — he’s not forceful, just making a request.
Thou seemest to my fancy, singing here / And gathering flowers, as that fair maiden when
Editor's note
The poem ends with the reference to Proserpine. Proserpine (Persephone) was picking flowers in the Enna meadow of Sicily when Pluto took her to the underworld — and with her disappearance, spring vanished from the earth. This comparison is lovely yet tinged with sadness: the woman's innocent act of gathering flowers recalls a tale that ended in grief. It suggests that even in a paradise, the shadow of sorrow lingers.
§04Tone & mood
How this poem feels
§05Symbols & metaphors
Symbols & metaphors
- The divine wood
- The forest at the top of Purgatory is like the earthly paradise — Eden before the Fall. It embodies perfect, unspoiled nature, and stepping into it indicates that the pilgrim is close to finishing his purgation and is prepared to approach heaven.
- The dark, clear stream
- This is the river Lethe, which in Dante's cosmology wipes away the memory of sin. Its paradoxical nature — dark since no light touches it, yet completely clear — sets it apart as belonging to a different realm of reality than anything found on earth.
- The solitary woman gathering flowers
- She is Matelda in Dante's original work, representing an active and joyful life lived in innocence. Her flower-gathering brings to mind Eden and, more ominously, Proserpine — embodying both the promise of paradise and the lingering shadow of what was lost when humanity fell.
- The eastward-leaning leaves
- The leaves bending toward the sunrise quietly symbolize spiritual orientation—turning toward God and light just like a plant naturally turns toward the sun. Even in Purgatory, the trees know which way to point.
- Proserpine in Enna's glen
- The poem closes with the image of Proserpine gathering flowers just before Pluto abducts her. This moment connects beauty, innocence, and abrupt loss, serving as a reminder that the original earthly paradise was lost. The comparison feels gentle yet conveys a deep sense of sorrow.
- The birdsong
- The birds singing in the canopy express a pure, effortless joy — the kind of happiness found in a place free from sin or suffering. Their song mingles with the rustling leaves, forming a natural melody that reflects the harmony of this sacred space.
§06Historical context
Historical context
§07FAQ
Questions readers ask
Is this Shelley's own poem or a translation?
It’s a translation — Shelley is turning Canto 28, lines 1–51 of Dante's Purgatorio into English. He employs a terza rima structure (ABA BCB CDC...) to align with Dante's original Italian form, making it a truly faithful effort to convey not only the meaning but also the sound and flow of the original text.
Why are there gaps and ellipses in the text?
The gaps show the condition of Shelley's manuscript at the time of his death in 1822. He left this translation unfinished and unrefined, and the editors who published it afterward (Medwin in 1834, Garnett in 1862) chose to keep the blanks instead of filling in words that Shelley never penned. The ellipsis in line 9 is the most well-known gap — Rossetti later proposed "sleep" as the missing word, but this is still just a guess.
Who is the woman the narrator sees?
In Dante's Purgatorio, she is later revealed to be Matelda, a character who cares for the Earthly Paradise. In this excerpt, she hasn't introduced herself yet — she is just a joyful woman, singing and picking flowers, which adds to the allure and enigma of her presence.
What is the Proserpine reference at the end about?
Proserpine, the Roman equivalent of the Greek goddess Persephone, was picking flowers in a meadow at Enna in Sicily when Pluto, the god of the underworld, kidnapped her. Her mother, Ceres (Demeter), mourned and searched for her, and during this time, the earth became barren — which is said to be the mythological origin of winter. Dante draws a parallel between the woman's innocent flower-gathering and a tale of paradise lost, and Shelley captures that bittersweet echo in his translation.
What is terza rima and does Shelley use it here?
Terza rima is the interlocking rhyme scheme that Dante created for the Divine Comedy: ABA BCB CDC, and so forth, where the middle line of each stanza rhymes with the first and third lines of the next stanza. Shelley takes on this challenge here, which is quite ambitious in English since the language has many fewer rhymes than Italian. You can see it in pairs like "woof / roof," "steep / deep," "bare / air," and others.
What is the significance of the dark, clear stream?
In Dante's complete poem, this stream is the Lethe, one of the two rivers found in the Earthly Paradise. Lethe wipes away the memories of sins from one's life. Its paradox — clear yet dark because it’s forever shaded from both sunlight and moonlight — signifies that it functions under different rules than ordinary water. Crossing it is a crucial step in the pilgrim's final preparation before reaching heaven.
Why does Shelley compare the forest sound to the pine forest at Chiassi?
Chiassi (Classe) was the ancient port of Ravenna, known for its famous pine forest. Dante spent years in Ravenna during his exile and was very familiar with those pines — making the comparison personal and rooted in his own memories. Shelley includes it because it serves the purpose of a good simile: it ties an ethereal sound to something tangible that the reader (or at least someone who has traveled) might actually recognize.
How does this translation fit into Shelley's wider work?
Shelley developed a deep fascination with Dante during the final years of his life. His unfinished masterpiece, The Triumph of Life (1822), is crafted in terza rima and, like this passage, conveys a sense of visionary exploration — a speaker journeying through an unfamiliar, beautiful landscape while meeting a mysterious figure. Both works remained unfinished at his death, creating a haunting connection between them.
Citation
Cite this poem
MLA
Shelley, Percy Bysshe. "From the Purgatorio of Dante, Canto 28, Lines 1-51." Storgy, https://storgy.com/poems/from-the-purgatorio-of-dante-canto-28-lines-1-51-percy-bysshe-shelley/.
APA
Shelley, P. B. (n.d.). From the purgatorio of dante, canto 28, lines 1-51. Storgy. https://storgy.com/poems/from-the-purgatorio-of-dante-canto-28-lines-1-51-percy-bysshe-shelley/
Row A — Thesis
1 ptShelley's translation of Dante transforms the threshold between mortal effort and sacred vision into a study of suspended sensation: the pilgrim's slow, deliberate movement through the divine wood does not simply convey him toward …
- Row B — Evidence + Commentary4 pts
- Row C — Sophistication1 pt
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