The Annotated Edition
ENTER PURGANAX. by Percy Bysshe Shelley
This scene from Shelley's political satire *Swellfoot the Tyrant* features a self-important government minister named Purganax addressing a crowd of pigs, representing the British public.
- Themes
- freedom, identity, justice
§01Quick summary
What this poem is about
§02Themes
Recurring themes
§03Line by line
Stanza by stanza, with notes
Grant me your patience, Gentlemen and Boars, / Ye, by whose patience under public burthens
Editor's note
Purganax starts off with flattery so excessive it feels insincere. He refers to the pigs as "Gentlemen and Boars" in one breath, revealing everything you need to know: they are both citizens and livestock at once. He expresses gratitude for their "patience under public burdens"—a euphemism for their quiet endurance of poverty and taxes—and spins that hardship into a badge of honor. This is a classic tactic in politics: commend people for putting up with things they shouldn't have to endure.
The Lean-Pig rates / Grow with the growing populace of Swine,
Editor's note
Purganax dives into a confusing economic argument. Taxes are increasing, the population is expanding, yet revenue is somehow declining — and he wraps it all up with the term "Piggishness," which he pretends is a compliment that encompasses "religion, morals, peace, and plenty." Shelley is ridiculing how politicians disguise exploitation with national pride rhetoric. The parenthetical remark about Boeotia teaching the world how to live pokes fun at British imperial self-satisfaction.
The failure of a foreign market for / Sausages, bristles, and blood-puddings,
Editor's note
Here, Purganax almost accidentally acknowledges that the economy is failing—exports are down, and the pigs are eating straw instead of proper food. But he quickly backtracks: it's "partial," it's "temporary," it's a "state-necessity." Shelley brilliantly illustrates how official language transforms real suffering into a bureaucratic footnote. The fact that the pigs are being fed straw and water while officials insist that everything is fine is the darkest irony of the scene.
Those impious Pigs, / Who, by frequent squeaks, have dared impugn / The settled Swellfoot system,
Editor's note
Any pig that voiced a complaint — who "squeaked" in protest — has been beaten into "a loyal and an orthodox whine." Shelley clearly distinguishes between true dissent and the state-sanctioned version of discontent it allows. The term "orthodox" used to describe a whine is a brilliant satirical touch: the government doesn't so much silence protest as it tames it.
Things being in this happy state, the Queen / Iona—
Editor's note
Purganax turns to the queen and says, "Things being in this happy state" — an ironic statement considering everything he's just laid out. He’s cut off by the pigs yelling that she’s innocent, and he seamlessly agrees, all while hinting that this very agreement is part of his plan to ruin her. The interruption is humorous: the crowd keeps completing his sentences in ways that reveal his manipulative tactics.
Why, no one / Makes ANY positive accusation;—but / There were hints dropped,
Editor's note
This is the political core of the scene. There's no charge. There's no evidence. Only "hints dropped" by "privy wizards"—advisors who believe an investigation is needed for the king's benefit, not their own. Shelley is mocking the 1820 trial of Queen Caroline, during which George IV attempted to take away his wife's title using a parliamentary bill founded on innuendo and rumor instead of solid proof.
Why, it is hinted, that a certain Bull— / Thus much is KNOWN:—the milk-white Bulls that feed / Beside Clitumnus
Editor's note
Purganax's portrayal of the white bulls stands out as both the most beautiful and the most cynical moment in the scene. He creates an almost ecstatic image of the Italian landscape—lotus-grass, asphodel, morning winds—before trailing off. By alluding to the myths of Europa and Pasiphae, he hints that the queen has had an affair without directly stating it. The beauty of the language is key: slander wrapped in stunning prose remains slander. Shelley makes you sense the allure of rhetoric while simultaneously revealing its true nature.
Behold this BAG; a bag— / Oh! no GREEN BAGS!!
Editor's note
The green bag was a tangible item: the government used green bags to transport the "secret evidence" against Queen Caroline to Parliament, turning them into a symbol of political persecution and contrived scandal. Shelley's pigs cringe at the very sight of green — linking it to jealousy, scorpions, and verdigris — until Purganax comforts them by saying the bag is "bacon color." It's absurdist comedy, yet the absurdity reflects the genuine ridiculousness of the actual events.
This divining BAG / (Which is not green, but only bacon colour) / Is filled with liquor,
Editor's note
Purganax describes the bag's magic: if dusted on a guilty woman, she becomes ugly; if dusted on an innocent one, she transforms into an angel and ascends to heaven. He claims to know the queen is innocent and merely wants to prove it — but his reasoning is a trap. Both outcomes benefit him. The suggestion to "turn her sacred Majesty into an angel" by pouring the liquid on her is a twisted mockery of both trial by ordeal and the parliamentary procedures being used against Caroline.
How glorious it will be to see her Majesty / Flying above our heads, her petticoats / Streaming like—like—like—
Editor's note
The Boars burst into comic excitement, picturing the queen soaring above with her petticoats billowing. The Second Boar struggles to complete the simile, while the Third Boar throws out "anything," prompting Purganax to fill the void with an array of extravagant comparisons — admiral's flags, war steeds, waterfalls — until the First Boar punctures the moment with "or a cow's tail." This deliberate bathos illustrates how quickly the crowd gets sidetracked by spectacle, and how rapidly spectacle turns into absurdity.
Gentlemen Boars, I move a resolution, / That her most sacred Majesty should be / Invited to attend the feast of Famine,
Editor's note
Purganax wraps up with a formal parliamentary motion, filled with procedural language. The queen is set to be "invited" — a word that carries heavy irony — to a "feast of Famine" where she’ll receive "Dews of Apotheosis" from the bag. The scene concludes amid chaos from the pigs outside, abruptly halting the proceedings mid-sentence. Shelley depicts the machinery of state as literally interrupted, unfinished, and exposed.
§04Tone & mood
How this poem feels
§05Symbols & metaphors
Symbols & metaphors
- The Pigs
- The pigs symbolize the British public, particularly the working poor who face taxation, starvation, and manipulation by their government. Shelley categorizes them as "lean" and "fat" pigs to highlight class divisions within this oppressed group: some receive hog-wash, while most only get straw.
- The Green Bag
- A direct reference to the actual green bags used to carry secret evidence against Queen Caroline in 1820. In the poem, it transforms into a symbol of false accusations—a vessel for innuendo masquerading as legal proceedings. The pigs' fear of the color green illustrates just how deeply this symbol has been corrupted.
- The Milk-White Bulls
- The bulls, inspired by the myths of Europa and Pasiphae, symbolize the sexual accusations aimed at the queen — alluring, timeless, and utterly unfounded. Shelley employs the beauty of these images to illustrate how slander can be crafted to resemble poetry.
- Hog-wash
- Literally pig food, but it also refers to nonsense. The fat pigs enjoy it while the lean pigs go hungry — it represents the material benefits (patronage, pensions, "by-payments") that keep the ruling class loyal and the poor submissive.
- The Feast of Famine
- The oxymoron highlights the poem's core cruelty: a celebration rooted in scarcity, a ritual that pays tribute to the deprivation it causes. It's a place where the queen faces public humiliation disguised as ceremony.
- Piggishness
- Purganax uses this term to refer to national virtue, encompassing religion, morals, peace, and abundance. In contrast, Shelley uses it to convey the opposite: the degradation of a populace brought down to animal status by its own government. The word serves as both flattery and insult at the same time.
§06Historical context
Historical context
§07FAQ
Questions readers ask
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