Skip to content
Storgy

The Annotated Edition

By Francois De Malherbe by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

Summary, meaning, line-by-line analysis & FAQ.

Read aloud in ~1 minOpen reading mode →

This poem is Longfellow's English translation of a well-known ode by 17th-century French poet François de Malherbe, directed at Cardinal Richelieu.

Poet
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Core theme
Hope
The PoemFull text

By Francois De Malherbe

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

Thou mighty Prince of Church and State, Richelieu! until the hour of death, Whatever road man chooses, Fate Still holds him subject to her breath. Spun of all silks, our days and nights Have sorrows woven with delights; And of this intermingled shade Our various destiny appears, Even as one sees the course of years Of summers and of winters made. Sometimes the soft, deceitful hours Let us enjoy the halcyon wave; Sometimes impending peril lowers Beyond the seaman's skill to save, The Wisdom, infinitely wise, That gives to human destinies Their foreordained necessity, Has made no law more fixed below, Than the alternate ebb and flow Of Fortune and Adversity.

Public domain

Sourced from Project Gutenberg

§01Quick summary

What this poem is about

This poem is Longfellow's English translation of a well-known ode by 17th-century French poet François de Malherbe, directed at Cardinal Richelieu. It conveys the idea that regardless of your power or significance, life will always blend happy moments with difficult ones — joy and sorrow alternate like the seasons changing from summer to winter each year. The core message is straightforward: no one can avoid the ups and downs of fortune and struggle.

§02Themes

Recurring themes

§03Line by line

Stanza by stanza, with notes

  1. Thou mighty Prince of Church and State, / Richelieu! until the hour of death,

    Editor's note

    Longfellow begins by speaking directly to Cardinal Richelieu — the man who wields the most power in France after the king. The message is clear and somewhat shocking: even *you*, despite your immense power, aren’t immune. Fate claims every individual, regardless of their stature, until the very end of their life.

  2. Spun of all silks, our days and nights / Have sorrows woven with delights;

    Editor's note

    The weaving metaphor plays a significant role here. Life is portrayed as exquisite silk cloth — beautiful, sure, but composed of threads of both sorrow and joy intertwined. You can't remove one without loosening the other. The depiction of changing seasons (summers and winters) then drives home the same idea in simpler terms.

  3. Sometimes the soft, deceitful hours / Let us enjoy the halcyon wave;

    Editor's note

    The second stanza brings in a seafaring image. Calm and pleasant stretches of life are described as 'deceitful' because they trick you into believing the danger has passed. 'Halcyon' retains its classical sense of peaceful, windless seas. However, storms are on the horizon — 'impending peril lowers' — and no sailor's skill can guarantee the ship's safety.

  4. The Wisdom, infinitely wise, / That gives to human destinies

    Editor's note

    The poem concludes by connecting everything to a divine or cosmic order. An all-knowing Wisdom (whether you think of it as God, Providence, or Fate—the poem leaves that a bit ambiguous) has woven the cycle of fortune and adversity into the fabric of existence. This is referred to as a 'fixed law,' as dependable and inevitable as the tides. The last couplet states this law simply: Fortune and Adversity ebb and flow, endlessly.

§04Tone & mood

How this poem feels

The tone is measured, formal, and resigned—but not defeated. It carries a stoic calm, reflecting the voice of someone who has embraced a hard truth and is now sharing it. Addressing Richelieu introduces a subtle edge: even the powerful are reminded of their limits. The silk and sea imagery prevents it from feeling cold or preachy, keeping it rooted in sensory experience.

§05Symbols & metaphors

Symbols & metaphors

Woven silk
The image of days and nights 'spun of all silks,' with sorrows woven into delights, captures the intertwined nature of joy and suffering in human life. You can't have one without the other — they’re both part of the same tapestry.
Seasons (summer and winter)
The changing of the seasons symbolizes the unavoidable ups and downs of life. Just as we don’t experience endless summer in a year, we also don’t live in constant happiness—this rhythm is part of the natural order.
The sea and the halcyon wave
Calm seas symbolize times of comfort and enjoyment, whereas the storm signifies unexpected threats and challenges. The sea is described as 'deceitful' because its tranquility is fleeting — a reminder to stay alert and not get too comfortable during peaceful moments.
The ebb and flow of tides
The tidal metaphor in the final lines portrays Fortune and Adversity as natural, rhythmic forces — not arbitrary punishments, but a constant law of existence that no one, not even Richelieu, can escape.

§06Form & structure

Form & structure

Meter
iambic tetrameter
Rhyme
ABABCCDDEE ABABCCDDEE

§07Historical context

Historical context

François de Malherbe (1555–1628) was the top court poet in France during his time, known for bringing a sense of classical order and restraint to French poetry. He originally wrote an ode for a powerful nobleman, which has become one of the most quoted lines expressing stoic acceptance in French literature. Longfellow translated this ode as part of his deep interest in European poetry; he was a professor of modern languages at Harvard and translated works from French, Spanish, Italian, and German. His translation comes from the mid-19th century, a time when American readers had limited access to French poetry, and Longfellow viewed himself as a cultural bridge. The poem was addressed to Cardinal Richelieu, who was chief minister to Louis XIII and the most influential political figure in France from the 1620s until his death in 1642 — making the reminder of Fate's power over even him particularly striking.

§08FAQ

Questions readers ask

Cardinal Richelieu served as the chief minister of France under King Louis XIII in the early 17th century—effectively the second most powerful figure in the country, though often wielding the most power in practice. Malherbe addresses him to emphasize a key point: if even someone so formidable cannot avoid the ups and downs of fortune, then no one can. This strengthens the poem's argument significantly.

The study desk

Teaching materials and reference tools prepared for this poem.

Seminar guideSocratic · printable

Discussion questions for By Francois De Malherbe

Open, analytical, and comparative questions for class discussion or a reading group — ready to print or project.

Essay promptsAO-aligned

Essay prompts on By Francois De Malherbe

Argument-led, context-led, and craft-led written tasks tied to this exact text, aligned to assessment objectives.

Quiz questionsAnswer key included

Reading-check questions for By Francois De Malherbe

Multiple-choice questions covering meaning, language, and form — each with the correct answer and a short rationale.

ReferenceMLA · APA · Chicago

Cite this poem

A properly formatted citation for your essay or bibliography, typeset by deterministic rules — no AI involved.

Adjacent texts in the archive

Similar poems

Ode on a Grecian Urn — John KeatsOzymandias — Percy Bysshe ShelleyTo the Virgins to Make Much of Time — Robert HerrickOde to a Nightingale — John Keats

More by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

Browse all Henry Wadsworth Longfellow poems →

Themes in this poem

Poems about HopePoems about MortalityPoems about SorrowPoems about TimePoems about SummerPoems about WinterPoems about Fate

Poetry tools

Analyze another poem →Rate your own poem →Check rhyme & meter →