The Annotated Edition
Birdofredum Sawin by James Russell Lowell
This editorial note is crafted in prose by the fictional Reverend Homer Wilbur, who is the made-up editor of James Russell Lowell's *Biglow Papers*.
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§01Quick summary
What this poem is about
§02Themes
Recurring themes
§03Line by line
Stanza by stanza, with notes
Here, patient reader, we take leave of each other, I trust with some mutual satisfaction.
Editor's note
Wilbur begins by directly addressing the reader and referring to them as *patient* — a compliment that carries weight, acknowledging that he’s likely tested their patience. The metaphor of pearl diving that comes next lays the groundwork for his entire argument: even if the book doesn't contain pearls, the process of diving (or reading closely) is valuable in itself. This charming bit of self-deprecation also flatters those who are paying close attention.
It may seem to some that too much space has been usurped by my own private lucubrations...
Editor's note
Here, Wilbur recognizes the main criticism he faces — that he's taken over Biglow's platform for his own preaching. He responds with the story of a preacher who clears out the meeting-house until only the sexton is left, yet continues speaking. Instead of feeling ashamed by this analogy, Wilbur effectively embraces it and reinforces his point, claiming that the preacher's sincerity is more important than the number of listeners.
I am not wholly unconscious of a peculiarity of mental organization which impels me, like the railroad-engine...
Editor's note
Wilbur likens his mind to a train that needs to backtrack before moving ahead—this is his way of illustrating why he tends to take a while to get to the point. The fishing metaphor that follows is just as self-aware: he acknowledges that he frequently confuses the weight of irrelevant details (the seaweed) for something important, but he argues that a naturalist might still see value in the catch. Both images are humorous because they are cleverly crafted to justify a simple shortcoming.
Yet have I conscientiously endeavored to adapt myself to the impatient temper of the age...
Editor's note
Wilbur expresses disappointment that people can't sit through two-hour sermons anymore, viewing this as a sign of cultural decline. He likens the intricate subdivisions of old Puritan sermons to dinosaur vertebrae, suggesting they were designed for a bygone era of giants (the Anakim). The irony is that Wilbur himself is one of those dinosaurs—he grieves for the audience that appreciated lengthy sermons while continuing to create them.
But while I lament the degeneracy of the age in this regard, I cannot refuse to succumb to its influence.
Editor's note
The closing paragraph brings Wilbur back to reality. He glances out the window, spots Biglow harvesting apples, and gets the message — it’s time to put down the pen and focus on his own tasks. The contrast between Biglow's bountiful apple harvest and Wilbur's suggested smaller yield serves as a subtle joke: the straightforward Yankee farmer-poet outshines the wordy clergyman-editor. Lowell wraps things up with a touch of gentle self-mockery that brings the entire piece full circle.
§04Tone & mood
How this poem feels
§05Symbols & metaphors
Symbols & metaphors
- Pearl diving
- Wilbur uses pearl diving to illustrate the importance of careful, deep reading. A reader who merely skims the surface gains nothing, while someone who dives in patiently may discover something valuable—or they might just pull up mud. This is an honest acknowledgment that the book doesn't always yield rewards for effort, but putting in that effort remains the right way to engage.
- The railroad engine running backward
- This image reflects Wilbur's tendency, and that of the long-winded preacher, to take a long run-up before getting to the point. It serves as a self-assessment of his rhetorical style, conveyed with such good humor that it feels more like a confession than a complaint.
- Biglow's apple harvest
- The image of Biglow assembling his Baldwins at the end represents practical, down-to-earth productivity. This stands in stark contrast to Wilbur's constant intellectual wandering and serves as a gentle reminder to both him and the reader that straightforward effort accomplishes more than elaborate explanations of that effort.
- The dinosaur vertebrae (saurian spinal column)
- Old Puritan sermons, with their countless divisions, resemble the backbones of ancient reptiles — large, extinct, and suited for a world that has vanished. This comparison reflects Lowell's belief that the culture of attentive, lengthy listening is as extinct as the dinosaurs.
- The sexton and the empty meeting-house
- The story about the preacher who clears out the church but continues his sermon highlights the risk of prioritizing self-expression over the audience's presence. Wilbur shares this tale to admit his own habit of preaching even when no one is left to listen.
§06Historical context
Historical context
§07FAQ
Questions readers ask
Is this actually a poem? It reads like an essay.
It’s prose, not verse — and that’s on purpose. The Biglow Papers combine dialect poetry from the fictional Hosea Biglow with lengthy prose editorial notes from the fictional Reverend Wilbur. This piece is one of those notes. Lowell chose the title for the collection to intentionally blur the distinction between high and low literary forms, and the prose sections are just as thoughtfully written as the poetry.
Who is Reverend Homer Wilbur? Is he a real person?
Wilbur is a completely fictional character created by Lowell to be Biglow's pompous editor. He embodies the stereotypical over-educated, verbose New England clergyman-intellectual that Lowell saw as both relatable and somewhat absurd. The humor lies in the fact that Wilbur's complicated commentary often conveys less than Biglow's straightforward poetry.
What is Lowell actually satirizing here?
On the surface, Wilbur is poking fun at himself — his tendency to be verbose and stray off-topic. However, Lowell is using Wilbur to lampoon a group of New England intellectuals who confuse length and knowledge with true wisdom. He also humorously critiques the dwindling Puritan sermon tradition, viewing it as both genuinely lost and not entirely worthy of lament.
What are the Biglow Papers and why do they matter?
The Biglow Papers is a two-part satirical work by Lowell, published from 1848 to 1867. The first series criticizes the Mexican-American War and the spread of slavery, while the second focuses on the Civil War. They gained significant popularity and had a considerable political impact—Abraham Lincoln is said to have quoted them. Additionally, they are considered a milestone in American dialect writing.
What does 'lucubrations' mean?
Lucubrations refer to writings or studies created through long and hard work, often with a humorous twist that implies excessive intellectual effort done late at night by candlelight. Wilbur humorously adopts this term to poke fun at his own editorial musings, which is amusing since the word itself reflects the kind of overly fancy vocabulary he's always trying to use.
Why does Wilbur mention Jacques Cartier reading the Gospel to Canadian Indigenous people in Latin?
Wilbur uses this historical anecdote to suggest that the sincerity of a speaker is more important than the audience's understanding of the words. This defends the value of preaching to an audience that may not be engaged or may not grasp the message. However, Lowell subtly critiques this reasoning—his extreme example actually weakens, rather than bolsters, Wilbur's argument.
What is the Anakim reference about?
The Anakim are a group of giants referenced in the Hebrew Bible. Wilbur employs them to argue that the traditional marathon Puritan sermons were intended for a spiritually and intellectually more robust audience than what we have today. It's a mock-heroic lament, suggesting that modern readers are like pygmies next to the giants who could endure a two-hour sermon. The punchline is that Wilbur himself is still attempting to write for those giants.
What is the significance of Biglow harvesting apples at the end?
It's a striking closing image. After pages of elaborate self-justification, Wilbur looks out the window and sees Biglow engaged in straightforward, productive work — and reaping a better harvest than Wilbur. It's a visual punchline: the down-to-earth farmer-poet is more successful than the talkative intellectual. Lowell uses this moment to deflate Wilbur's ego one last time.
Citation
Cite this poem
MLA
Lowell, James Russell. "Birdofredum Sawin." Storgy, https://storgy.com/poems/birdofredum-sawin-james-russell-lowell/.
APA
Lowell, J. R. (n.d.). Birdofredum sawin. Storgy. https://storgy.com/poems/birdofredum-sawin-james-russell-lowell/
Row A — Thesis
1 ptIn 'Birdofredum Sawin,' James Russell Lowell constructs a satirical editorial persona, the pompous Reverend Homer Wilbur, whose extravagant self-justifications for long-windedness ultimately expose the vanity lurking inside any author who …
- Row B — Evidence + Commentary4 pts
- Row C — Sophistication1 pt
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