The Annotated Edition
TO APOLLO AND DIANA. by Horace
This is Horace's "Carmen Saeculare" (Secular Hymn), a significant public prayer sung by a choir of Roman boys and girls during the Secular Games in 17 BCE.
- Poet
- Horace
- Themes
- faith, hope, identity
§01Quick summary
What this poem is about
§02Themes
Recurring themes
§03Line by line
Stanza by stanza, with notes
Phoebus, and thou Diana, sovereign of the woods, ye illustrious / ornaments of the heavens...
Editor's note
The hymn begins by addressing its two primary divine figures: Apollo (Phoebus) and Diana. Referring to them as "ornaments of the heavens" immediately establishes a tone of respect and civic magnificence. The line "ever worthy of adoration, and ever adored" creates a compelling rhetorical loop — these gods are deserving of worship and are indeed worshiped, providing the prayer with a strong foundation.
at which the Sibylline verses have given directions, that select virgins and chaste youths / should sing a hymn...
Editor's note
Horace ties the ceremony to official religious authority by referencing the Sibylline Books, Rome's sacred collection of prophecies that outlines this exact ritual. By invoking these texts, the poem emphasizes that this isn't merely a poetic whim — it's a divinely mandated act. The mention of the "seven hills of Rome" connects the universal gods to a particular, cherished city.
O genial sun, who in your splendid car draw forth and obscure the day...
Editor's note
Apollo is mentioned here as the sun god, steering his chariot through the sky. The prayer that he never sees anything "more glorious than the city of Rome" is a daring, almost rivalrous compliment — it portrays Rome as the most magnificent sight in the entire visible world.
O Ilithyia, of lenient power to produce the timely birth, protect the matrons [in labor]...
Editor's note
The poem shifts focus to Ilithyia, the goddess of childbirth, who is also known as Lucina and Genitalis. This part connects to Augustus's social reforms aimed at promoting marriage and childbearing among Romans. The plea for numerous offspring goes beyond mere personal devotion—it's a reflection of state policy framed in religious terms.
that the stated revolution of a hundred and ten years may bring back the hymns and the games...
Editor's note
The Secular Games were meant to take place every 110 years — so infrequently that no one alive could experience two of them. Horace emphasizes this: the games are a once-in-a-lifetime occasion, giving this moment a sense of cosmic importance. The mention of celebrations "three times by bright daylight" and "as often in the welcome night" accurately mirrors the schedule of the festival held in 17 BCE.
And you, ye fatal sisters, infallible in having predicted what is established...
Editor's note
The Fates (Parcae) are asked to enhance the good destinies already given. It's a diplomatic request — the poet doesn't demand new fates but simply asks that the favorable ones already unfolding be prolonged. This reflects Roman religious pragmatism: make the most of what the gods have already established.
Let the earth, fertile in fruits and flocks, present Ceres with a sheafy crown...
Editor's note
A prayer for agricultural abundance features Ceres, the goddess of grain, adorned with her own harvest. The appeal for "salubrious rains" and fresh air for the young captures genuine fears of ancient life—crop failures and disease were ongoing dangers. The imagery is rich and hopeful, illustrating the Rome that Horace envisions.
Apollo, mild and gentle with your sheathed arrows, hear the suppliant youths...
Editor's note
Apollo's arrows can cause both plague and healing, so requesting him to keep them sheathed is a direct plea for mercy. The parallel structure — Apollo listens to the youths, the moon (Diana) listens to the virgins — reflects the real choir of boys and girls singing the hymn, which adds a self-referential layer to the poem.
If Rome be your work, and the Trojan troops arrived on the Tuscan shore...
Editor's note
This section revisits Rome's founding myth: Aeneas guiding the Trojan survivors to Italy after Troy's destruction, under divine guidance. Referring to this as the gods' "work" cleverly suggests that if you played a role in building Rome, you'd want to safeguard it. Aeneas is celebrated for escaping "not by his treachery," which sharply contrasts with the Greeks who resorted to the Trojan Horse.
O ye deities, grant to the tractable youth probity of manners; to old age, ye deities, grant a pleasing retirement...
Editor's note
A structured prayer that addresses every stage of life: the young receive moral character, the old find peaceful rest, and the Roman people as a whole gain wealth, children, and glory. This tidy three-part division resembles a civic checklist — Horace is praying for society as a whole, not just for individuals.
And may the illustrious issue of Anchises and Venus, who worships you with [offerings of] white bulls, reign superior...
Editor's note
"The illustrious issue of Anchises and Venus" refers to Augustus himself, who claims descent from Aeneas, the son of Venus and Anchises. The plea for him to be "merciful to the prostrate" while dominating his enemies embodies the Augustan ideal: strength in foreign affairs and clemency at home.
Now the Parthian, by sea and land, dreads our powerful forces and the Roman axes...
Editor's note
This is the poem's most triumphant passage. The Parthians, Scythians, and Indians — Rome's most feared or distant rivals — are shown as either already subdued or eager to win Rome's favor. The word "now" appears three times, creating a sense of urgency like a news bulletin: this is the world as it exists under Augustus. Truth, peace, honor, and virtue are said to be making a return, suggesting they were missing during the civil wars.
Phoebus, the god of augury, and conspicuous for his shining bow, and dear to the nine muses...
Editor's note
Apollo is celebrated for his many roles: prophecy, archery, medicine, and as a patron of the arts. The prayer asking him to "prolong the Roman affairs" for another lustrum (a five-year period) and beyond expresses a desire for continuity and progress — not merely survival, but growth.
And may Diana, who possesses Mount Aventine and Algidus, regard the prayers of the Quindecemvirs...
Editor's note
Diana is associated with her own Roman geography—the Aventine hill and the Algidus mountain—making her feel as much like a local goddess as a cosmic one. The Quindecemvirs, a group of fifteen priests responsible for the Sibylline Books and the Secular Games, are named to connect the poem to its official, institutional background.
We, the choir taught to sing the praises of Phoebus and Diana, bear home with us a good and certain hope...
Editor's note
The closing lines express a quiet confidence rather than anxiety. The choir doesn't simply wish the gods heard them — they are "certain" of it. Jupiter and the other gods are portrayed as "sensible," meaning they are aware of the prayers. The poem concludes with a sense of shared reassurance: the ritual has succeeded, Rome's voice has been acknowledged, and the future looks promising.
§04Tone & mood
How this poem feels
§05Symbols & metaphors
Symbols & metaphors
- The sheathed arrows of Apollo
- Apollo's arrows could unleash plague just as easily as they could secure victory. To ask him to keep them sheathed is to pray for protection from disease and divine anger—a reminder that the gods wield their power in both beneficial and destructive ways.
- The horn of plenty (cornucopia)
- "Happy plenty appears, with her horn full to the brim" paints a picture of the ideal Rome in the poem: a society so fortunate that abundance spills over. It embodies the rewards of piety, effective governance, and divine favor all at once.
- The seven hills of Rome
- Rome's iconic seven hills symbolize the city and all it embodies—civilization, order, and the divine mission on earth. Identifying them transforms the universal prayer into something deeply personal.
- Aeneas and the Trojan survivors
- The founding myth of Rome sets a precedent: the gods led Aeneas to Italy in the past, and now they are being asked to maintain that protective relationship. This links the current moment to a past shaped by divine influence.
- The sun's chariot
- Apollo driving his "splendid car" across the sky represents cosmic order and consistency. The wish that he never witnesses anything more magnificent than Rome places the city at the very heart of the universe.
- The Secular Games (ludi saeculares)
- The games, held every 110 years, mark the renewal of Rome's pact with the gods. Their infrequency makes this moment feel like a pivotal point in history — a unique chance to redefine the connection between Rome and the divine.
§06Historical context
Historical context
§07FAQ
Questions readers ask
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