The Annotated Edition
THE CREW OF THE LONG SERPENT by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
This poem presents the bold and vibrant crew of King Olaf's flagship, the Long Serpent, as they relax in a Norwegian harbor.
- Themes
- freedom, identity, nature
§01Quick summary
What this poem is about
§02Themes
Recurring themes
§03Line by line
Stanza by stanza, with notes
Safe at anchor in Drontheim bay / King Olaf's fleet assembled lay,
Editor's note
Longfellow begins with a broad view: the fleet is anchored in Trondheim (Drontheim) harbor, Norway. Banners flutter down like a falcon landing — the lanner is a bird of prey — while the crew of the Long Serpent cheers in their usual loud, boisterous style. The scene appears calm at first glance but pulses with a barely contained excitement.
Her forecastle man was Ulf the Red, / Like a wolf's was his shaggy head,
Editor's note
The first individual portrait is of Ulf the Red, standing at the bow. Longfellow uses animal comparisons—like the wolf's head and large white teeth—to paint him as primal and dangerous. The detail about his beard hanging like a swallow's nest adds a surprising, almost tender touch amidst all the ferocity. As the standard-bearer, Ulf is responsible for keeping Olaf's flag flying in battle.
Near him Kolbiorn had his place, / Like the King in garb and face,
Editor's note
Kolbiorn closely resembles Olaf, which held historical importance—a king's doppelgänger could divert enemy attacks away from the actual ruler during battles. His scarlet cloak signifies his high rank, and the way his coat of mail shines like a frozen river under the stars is one of Longfellow's most striking similes in the poem, transforming armor into a winter scene.
By the bulkhead, tall and dark, / Stood Thrand Rame of Thelemark,
Editor's note
Thrand makes an impression with his striking physical presence: gaunt, grand, towering. The anchor tattoo on his arm is a historical nod that Longfellow takes from the Norse sagas, symbolizing the sea life these men are tied to. His hand, likened to Thor's hammer — large and worn from use — connects him to Norse mythology and indicates that these are men of legendary stature.
Einar Tamberskelver, bare / To the winds his golden hair,
Editor's note
Einar stands out in the poem: with his graceful physique and tender eyes, he resembles a young woman in beauty rather than a warrior. Longfellow doesn’t mock him—Einar Tamberskelver was among the most renowned archers in Norse saga. The contrast between his gentle looks and lethal skill highlights the essence of the portrait, preventing the gallery of men from becoming monotonous.
In the fore-hold Biorn and Bork / Watched the sailors at their work:
Editor's note
Now Longfellow shifts from individual close-ups to two commanders watching over sixty oarsmen. The exclamation 'Heavens! how they swore!' adds a touch of humor, almost like a wink at the reader. The description of the oarsmen — iron-sinewed, horny-handed, broad-shouldered — feels like a list of hardworking men, tying the poem's heroism to genuine physical effort.
These, and many more like these, / With King Olaf sailed the seas,
Editor's note
The poem shifts from focusing on individual portraits to exploring the shared experience of life at sea. The phrase 'vague devotion' captures a crucial sentiment: these men aren't philosophers, yet the endless expanse of the ocean stirs something within them—instilling a sense of wonder and an indescribable freedom. The flowing rhythm of the lines mirrors the ship's motion.
When they landed from the fleet, / How they roared through Drontheim's street,
Editor's note
On shore, the crew's excitement radiates through the town. The tavern is lively and full of laughter — the host watches in disbelief as these giants drink, stomp, and cheer. Longfellow captures a different aspect of the warrior's life: the freedom, the camaraderie, and the raw joy of simply being alive after their time at sea.
Never saw the wild North Sea / Such a gallant company
Editor's note
The closing stanza is a bold declaration, reminiscent of a Norse saga. By mentioning King Gorm and Harald Blue-Tooth—actual historical Danish kings—Longfellow roots the poem in real Scandinavian history, giving the claim a sense of legitimacy. No ship before the Long Serpent, nor any crew before Olaf's, could rival this one.
§04Tone & mood
How this poem feels
§05Symbols & metaphors
Symbols & metaphors
- The Long Serpent
- Olaf's flagship is more than just a ship; it symbolizes collective identity and Viking power at the heart of the poem. Everything and everyone in the poem connects to it. Its name brings to mind the serpents of Norse mythology and the sleek danger of the vessel itself.
- Thor's hammer (Thrand's hand)
- Comparing Thrand's fist to Thor's hammer links the crew to the ancient Norse gods, implying that these men embody a mythological power. It also indicates that their strength goes beyond the physical; it’s a divine blessing rooted in old pagan traditions.
- The anchor tattoo
- The anchor on Thrand's arm signifies his permanent connection to the sea. It shows that his identity is intertwined with his life as a sailor and fighter — the sea is etched into his skin.
- The coat of mail (frozen river)
- Kolbiorn's armour, likened to a frozen, star-lit river, transforms military gear into a reflection of nature. It implies that these warriors are intertwined with the northern landscape — cold, beautiful, and as relentless as a Norwegian winter.
- The ocean itself
- The sea isn't merely a backdrop; it acts as a spiritual force in the poem. It evokes a sense of 'vague devotion' in the crew — a wordless, almost sacred feeling of freedom and wonder. The ocean influences these men’s identities more profoundly than any king or battle ever could.
- The scarlet cloak
- Kolbiorn's scarlet cloak signifies his rank and distinction in a world where most men opt for plain colors. It captures the attention of everyone on the ship, much like how Kolbiorn's likeness to the king makes him both a target and a protector in battle.
§06Historical context
Historical context
§07FAQ
Questions readers ask
Read next