The Annotated Edition
SHOWING HOW HE BUILT HIS HOUSE AND HIS WIFE MOVED INTO IT by James Russell Lowell
A wealthy retired businessman, A.
- Themes
- family, fear, home
§01Quick summary
What this poem is about
§02Themes
Recurring themes
§03Line by line
Stanza by stanza, with notes
My worthy friend, A. Gordon Knott, / From business snug withdrawn,
Editor's note
We meet our hero: a retired businessman with a punny name — "Knott," who will be tied, untied, and tangled throughout the poem. He has a modest lot but quickly dreams big, thinking it’s the ideal spot for a grand medieval mansion. The contrast between his small plot and his lofty dreams creates the essence of the joke.
He had laid business on the shelf / To give his taste expansion,
Editor's note
Lowell identifies the "building mania" that often hits newly retired men with disposable income. Knott's taste is portrayed as something that could develop over time — yet the poem quickly hints that his taste is quite poor. The aside "unhappy elf!" serves as the narrator's playful nod to us just before the chaos begins.
He called an architect in counsel; / 'I want,' said he, 'a--you know what,
Editor's note
Knott struggles to express what he truly wants, and that speaks volumes. His requests are a jumble of unclear wishes: a view of water (a blue-painted pump will suffice), three scraggly pines to represent "woodland," and a liking for fake painted stone instead of real stone because it’s more affordable. He is someone seeking the look of luxury without the cost.
And so the greenest of antiques / Was reared for Knott to dwell in:
Editor's note
The architect, having complete freedom and a client who is unsure of his desires, unleashes his creativity. The house turns into a chaotic mix of styles — a donjon-keep for drying clothes, a bell tower that's too small to hold a bell, and a mishmash of turrets and gables. The term "greenest of antiques" captures the essence of an oxymoron: a brand-new imitation of an old house. The nod to Fluellen (a character from Shakespeare's *Henry V* known for his overly detailed comparisons) humorously implies that the roof leaks enough to satisfy even the harshest water critic.
Knott was delighted with a pile / Approved by fashion's leaders:
Editor's note
Knott is ecstatic, which adds to the humor. He can't figure out why his "Tudor" house has three doors when the style is named "Tudor" (a play on "two-door"). But soon, real issues emerge: the chimneys pull in cold air instead of expelling smoke, the painted-wood walls shrink and crack in the sun, and the entire structure turns into a wind tunnel full of chilly drafts.
But, though Knott's house was full of airs, / _He_ had but one,--a daughter;
Editor's note
A sharp pivot: the poem shifts from architecture to matrimony. "Full of airs" serves a dual purpose — referring to the drafty house and Knott's own pretensions. His daughter Jenny is attracting the attention of many suitors, but Knott insists she must marry Colonel Jones, who is described as lacking in looks. Jenny, however, has her heart set on marrying Dr. Slade or no one at all, and she expresses this with considerable determination.
But she, with many tears and moans, / Besought him not to mock her.
Editor's note
Jenny responds with a mix of emotion and humor. She jokingly threatens to end up in "Davy Jones's locker" (meaning she'll drown) instead of marrying a man named Jones—a play on words that Lowell clearly enjoys. Her concluding statement that she will "out-Jennyral" her father and the colonel plays on "general," highlighting her as the most astute character in the poem.
Just at this time the Public's eyes / Were keenly on the watch, a stir
Editor's note
Lowell introduces the real-world backdrop of the Rochester Rappings of 1848, the event that kicked off American Spiritualism, where the Fox sisters said they could talk to the dead using knocking sounds. Knott's already-noisy home—filled with wind, mice, and creaking wood—turns into a perfect setting for supernatural fear in a man who is already inclined to believe.
This thought, once nestled in his head, / Erelong contagious grew, and spread
Editor's note
Knott convinces himself that the ghost of his deceased wife, who was paralyzed during her life — a detail Lowell points out that adds an element of surprise to her ghostly movements — is haunting him. The haunting is depicted with vivid domestic details: the sound of knitting needles clicking, the pantry door opening, and chairs being moved around. The joke about the ghost knitting something to fit his "unfleshed sole" — a clever play on the words soul and sole — showcases Lowell's delightfully dark humor.
Night after night he strove to sleep / And take his ease in spite of it;
Editor's note
Knott shares his experience with the haunting to his neighbors, but all he receives in return is mockery. Each neighbor's joke comes from a different comedic angle: there's the skeptic, the temperance advocate who suggests Knott must be tipsy on "Dutch spirits" (gin), and the cynic who quips that the solution to a wife's ghost is simply to beat her. While the neighbors' cruelty sparks laughter, it also carries a dark undertone — Knott is truly struggling, yet everyone finds it amusing.
Knott knew that cocks and sprites were foes, / And so bought up, Heaven only knows
Editor's note
In a moment of desperation, Knott decides to buy roosters—since the crowing of roosters is said to scare away ghosts—and dogs for their barking. This plan spectacularly backfires. The roosters—a colorful mix of breeds like Shanghais, Malays, and Bantams—create a constant racket. Meanwhile, the dogs howl, fight, and engage in their own nighttime "sing dogologies." To top it all off, the cats perched on the garden wall contribute to the uproar. What was already a chaotic house due to its poor architecture has now transformed into a full-blown barnyard.
§04Tone & mood
How this poem feels
§05Symbols & metaphors
Symbols & metaphors
- The medieval mansion
- The house symbolizes misplaced ambition and a facade of gentility. Constructed from painted wood that mimics stone and filled with mismatched architectural styles, it literally crumbles around Knott. It illustrates the foolishness of seeking status instead of earning it, highlighting the disparity between appearances and reality.
- Painted stone
- The fake stone finish — wood painted to resemble freestone, with white lines outlining each "block" — serves as the poem's most vivid image of deception. It appears solid but warps in the sunlight, cracks, and allows the cold to seep in. Lowell uses this imagery to represent all of Knott's self-deceptions: his taste, his social status, and his authority over his daughter.
- The ghost of Mrs. Knott
- The dead wife, who might be haunting the house, symbolizes everything Knott has tried to leave behind: his domestic life, his wife's influence, and the everyday world he sought to escape by constructing a grand mansion. Her presence is even more unsettling because she's often heard performing ordinary tasks like knitting, dusting, and cutting bread.
- The roosters and dogs
- Knott's effort to employ animals as ghost-repellents illustrates how superstition and panic can result in a series of escalating disasters. Each attempted solution seems to generate a new problem that's even more disruptive than the last, reflecting the poem's overall progression: a bad house leads to a flawed marriage plan, which then leads to a haunting, and ultimately culminates in barnyard chaos.
- The Knott name / puns throughout
- The name "Knott" symbolizes a tangled mess and a problem that’s hard to resolve, also hinting at a negative ("not"). Lowell weaves this into the poem by connecting it to the marriage "knot," the architectural knots in the wood that lead to cracked walls, and illustrating how this man's life has turned into a complex tangle of his own creation.
§06Historical context
Historical context
§07FAQ
Questions readers ask
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