The Annotated Edition
REVENGE. by Percy Bysshe Shelley
A young man named Adolphus goes to a tomb at night to meet the ghost of Conrad, and his devoted girlfriend Agnes insists on joining him despite his warnings.
§01Quick summary
What this poem is about
§02Themes
Recurring themes
§03Line by line
Stanza by stanza, with notes
'Ah! quit me not yet, for the wind whistles shrill, / Its blast wanders mournfully over the hill,'
Editor's note
Agnes begs Adolphus not to abandon her on this stormy night. The howling wind and thunder serve a dual purpose—they create a Gothic atmosphere and hint that something dreadful is approaching. Her desperation feels urgent and palpable.
I must dearest Agnes, the night is far gone— / I must wander this evening to Strasburg alone,
Editor's note
Adolphus reveals the heavy task ahead of him: he must visit his ancestors' tomb by himself. The phrase "I must" is repeated three times in this stanza, emphasizing his sense of being trapped — he feels compelled by a supernatural duty that he cannot ignore.
'For the spirit of Conrad there meets me this night, / And we quit not the tomb 'till dawn of the light,'
Editor's note
We learn the terms of the summons. Conrad's ghost has summoned Adolphus to the tomb and will hold him there until sunrise. The fact that Conrad has been dead "just a month and a day" gives the ghost a fresh, restless vibe — he hasn't been gone long enough to find peace.
'He bid me bring with me what most I held dear, / Or a month from that time should I lie on my bier,'
Editor's note
The ghost's demand is a trap disguised as a test. Adolphus must bring what he loves most or face death. He sees this as a reason to *leave* Agnes behind — to keep her safe — but the instruction is already drawing her into peril.
'And I love you to madness my Agnes I love, / My constant affection this night will I prove,'
Editor's note
Adolphus insists that his love is the reason he must go alone. He sees his solo journey to the tomb as a way to show his devotion. The phrase "love you to madness" holds a deeper meaning than he realizes—the night will indeed end in that kind of chaos.
'No! no loved Adolphus thy Agnes will share, / In the tomb all the dangers that wait for you there,'
Editor's note
Agnes won’t stay behind. Her courage is heartfelt and moving—she's not naive; she simply loves him too deeply to let him confront the unknown on his own. Shelley grants her true agency in this moment, even if the poem will ultimately penalize her for it.
'Nay seek not to say that thy love shall not go, / But spare me those ages of horror and woe,'
Editor's note
Agnes pushes her argument harder, claiming she would die of grief if Adolphus leaves without her. This marks the turning point: her determination seals her destiny. The twist is that the love intended to safeguard her ultimately leads her to the ghost.
The night it was bleak the fierce storm raged around, / The lightning's blue fire-light flashed on the ground,
Editor's note
The narrator steps in, and the poem transforms into full-on Gothic horror. Lightning strikes, eerie shapes howl, and a foul fire sets the scene at the tomb gate. Shelley layers on the atmospheric details rapidly—this is a young writer who clearly has a passion for the genre.
The youth struck the portal,—the echoing sound / Was fearfully rolled midst the tombstones around,
Editor's note
Adolphus knocks on the tomb door, and the sound echoes through the graveyard. The simple act of knocking makes the supernatural encounter feel all too real. They have crossed a threshold — both literally and figuratively.
Still they gazed on the tombstone where Conrad reclined, / Yet they shrank at the cold chilling blast of the wind,
Editor's note
The couple stands at Conrad's grave, trembling yet resolute. Suddenly, the ghost materializes: tall and fierce, draped in a cloak as delicate as spider silk, with eyes that blaze like a plague-star at midnight. It's an undeniably terrifying arrival.
SPIRIT: / Thy father, Adolphus! was false, false as hell,
Editor's note
The ghost speaks, revealing the real story. Conrad isn’t just a neutral supernatural force — he’s the illegitimate son of Adolphus's father, left to suffer and ruin. His mother was seduced and then discarded. He died before he could exact his revenge, so a demon granted him the power to come back and complete the task.
Now Adolphus I'll seize thy best loved in my arms, / I'll drag her to Hades all blooming in charms,
Editor's note
Conrad's revenge is to drag Agnes — the one person Adolphus loves most — down to the underworld. This is the harshest punishment imaginable: Agnes is completely innocent, yet she suffers for a sin that happened long before she entered the narrative. The ghost's words are both triumphant and grotesque.
He spoke, and extending his ghastly arms wide, / Majestic advanced with a swift noiseless stride,
Editor's note
The ghost moves instantly, seizing Agnes and lifting her off the ground before bursting through the chapel roof and into the storm. His speed and silence create an overwhelming sense of inevitability—there’s no struggle, no chance for a last-minute rescue.
All was now silent,—and over the tomb, / Thicker, deeper, was swiftly extended a gloom,
Editor's note
The poem concludes in silence and darkness. Agnes has departed. Adolphus falls against the tombstone and dies, his soul escaping with a "harrowing groan." The revenge is complete. Two young lives are shattered due to a wrong committed by a father against a woman they never even met.
§04Tone & mood
How this poem feels
§05Symbols & metaphors
Symbols & metaphors
- The storm
- The wind, thunder, and lightning aren't just there for effect—they reflect the moral chaos within the poem. In a world where innocent people suffer for the sins of others, everything feels wrong, and the storm makes that disorder visible.
- The tomb / sepulchre
- The ancestral tomb symbolizes how the sins of the past linger into the present. Adolphus is called to unearth his family's bones — the past refuses to remain buried and threatens to pull the living down with it.
- Agnes
- Agnes represents innocent love trapped in the turmoil of inherited guilt. She doesn't do anything wrong — she embodies bravery, devotion, and selflessness — yet she is the one who suffers. Her name, which comes from the Latin meaning 'pure' or 'lamb', highlights her position as an innocent victim even more sharply.
- The demon who empowers Conrad
- The demon symbolizes revenge as a corrupting influence. Conrad's feelings of hurt are valid, and his pain is real, but embracing demonic power to seek vengeance turns him into a monstrous figure. What was once a means of justice evolves into a tool of cruelty.
- Blue lightning / sulphurous fire
- Sulphur has long been associated with the smell of hell, while the blue-tinged lightning connects the storm to the infernal. The supernatural isn't coming from above; it's rising from below — the entire scene glows with an underworld light.
- Conrad's gossamer mantle
- A cloak as light as a spider's web, worn in a violent storm, captures the contradiction of Conrad's nature: he exists between worlds, not entirely physical and not entirely spirit. This image is both delicate and terrifying.
§06Historical context
Historical context
§07FAQ
Questions readers ask
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