The Annotated Edition
Revenge by Percy Bysshe Shelley
A young man named Adolphus goes to a tomb at night to meet the ghost of Conrad, and his devoted girlfriend Agnes insists on joining him despite his warnings.
- Core theme
- Betrayal
Study actions
§01Quick summary
What this poem is about
§02Themes
Recurring themes
§03Line by line
Stanza by stanza, with notes
'Ah! quit me not yet, for the wind whistles shrill, / Its blast wanders mournfully over the hill,'
Editor's note
Agnes begs Adolphus not to abandon her on this stormy night. The howling wind and thunder serve a dual purpose—they create a Gothic atmosphere and hint that something dreadful is approaching. Her desperation feels urgent and palpable.
I must dearest Agnes, the night is far gone— / I must wander this evening to Strasburg alone,
Editor's note
Adolphus reveals the heavy task ahead of him: he must visit his ancestors' tomb by himself. The phrase "I must" is repeated three times in this stanza, emphasizing his sense of being trapped — he feels compelled by a supernatural duty that he cannot ignore.
'For the spirit of Conrad there meets me this night, / And we quit not the tomb 'till dawn of the light,'
Editor's note
We learn the terms of the summons. Conrad's ghost has summoned Adolphus to the tomb and will hold him there until sunrise. The fact that Conrad has been dead "just a month and a day" gives the ghost a fresh, restless vibe — he hasn't been gone long enough to find peace.
'He bid me bring with me what most I held dear, / Or a month from that time should I lie on my bier,'
Editor's note
The ghost's demand is a trap disguised as a test. Adolphus must bring what he loves most or face death. He sees this as a reason to *leave* Agnes behind — to keep her safe — but the instruction is already drawing her into peril.
'And I love you to madness my Agnes I love, / My constant affection this night will I prove,'
Editor's note
Adolphus insists that his love is the reason he must go alone. He sees his solo journey to the tomb as a way to show his devotion. The phrase "love you to madness" holds a deeper meaning than he realizes—the night will indeed end in that kind of chaos.
'No! no loved Adolphus thy Agnes will share, / In the tomb all the dangers that wait for you there,'
Editor's note
Agnes won’t stay behind. Her courage is heartfelt and moving—she's not naive; she simply loves him too deeply to let him confront the unknown on his own. Shelley grants her true agency in this moment, even if the poem will ultimately penalize her for it.
'Nay seek not to say that thy love shall not go, / But spare me those ages of horror and woe,'
Editor's note
Agnes pushes her argument harder, claiming she would die of grief if Adolphus leaves without her. This marks the turning point: her determination seals her destiny. The twist is that the love intended to safeguard her ultimately leads her to the ghost.
The night it was bleak the fierce storm raged around, / The lightning's blue fire-light flashed on the ground,
Editor's note
The narrator steps in, and the poem transforms into full-on Gothic horror. Lightning strikes, eerie shapes howl, and a foul fire sets the scene at the tomb gate. Shelley layers on the atmospheric details rapidly—this is a young writer who clearly has a passion for the genre.
The youth struck the portal,—the echoing sound / Was fearfully rolled midst the tombstones around,
Editor's note
Adolphus knocks on the tomb door, and the sound echoes through the graveyard. The simple act of knocking makes the supernatural encounter feel all too real. They have crossed a threshold — both literally and figuratively.
Still they gazed on the tombstone where Conrad reclined, / Yet they shrank at the cold chilling blast of the wind,
Editor's note
The couple stands at Conrad's grave, trembling yet resolute. Suddenly, the ghost materializes: tall and fierce, draped in a cloak as delicate as spider silk, with eyes that blaze like a plague-star at midnight. It's an undeniably terrifying arrival.
SPIRIT: / Thy father, Adolphus! was false, false as hell,
Editor's note
The ghost speaks, revealing the real story. Conrad isn’t just a neutral supernatural force — he’s the illegitimate son of Adolphus's father, left to suffer and ruin. His mother was seduced and then discarded. He died before he could exact his revenge, so a demon granted him the power to come back and complete the task.
Now Adolphus I'll seize thy best loved in my arms, / I'll drag her to Hades all blooming in charms,
Editor's note
Conrad's revenge is to drag Agnes — the one person Adolphus loves most — down to the underworld. This is the harshest punishment imaginable: Agnes is completely innocent, yet she suffers for a sin that happened long before she entered the narrative. The ghost's words are both triumphant and grotesque.
He spoke, and extending his ghastly arms wide, / Majestic advanced with a swift noiseless stride,
Editor's note
The ghost moves instantly, seizing Agnes and lifting her off the ground before bursting through the chapel roof and into the storm. His speed and silence create an overwhelming sense of inevitability—there’s no struggle, no chance for a last-minute rescue.
All was now silent,—and over the tomb, / Thicker, deeper, was swiftly extended a gloom,
Editor's note
The poem concludes in silence and darkness. Agnes has departed. Adolphus falls against the tombstone and dies, his soul escaping with a "harrowing groan." The revenge is complete. Two young lives are shattered due to a wrong committed by a father against a woman they never even met.
§04Tone & mood
How this poem feels
§05Symbols & metaphors
Symbols & metaphors
- The storm
- The wind, thunder, and lightning aren't just there for effect—they reflect the moral chaos within the poem. In a world where innocent people suffer for the sins of others, everything feels wrong, and the storm makes that disorder visible.
- The tomb / sepulchre
- The ancestral tomb symbolizes how the sins of the past linger into the present. Adolphus is called to unearth his family's bones — the past refuses to remain buried and threatens to pull the living down with it.
- Agnes
- Agnes represents innocent love trapped in the turmoil of inherited guilt. She doesn't do anything wrong — she embodies bravery, devotion, and selflessness — yet she is the one who suffers. Her name, which comes from the Latin meaning 'pure' or 'lamb', highlights her position as an innocent victim even more sharply.
- The demon who empowers Conrad
- The demon symbolizes revenge as a corrupting influence. Conrad's feelings of hurt are valid, and his pain is real, but embracing demonic power to seek vengeance turns him into a monstrous figure. What was once a means of justice evolves into a tool of cruelty.
- Blue lightning / sulphurous fire
- Sulphur has long been associated with the smell of hell, while the blue-tinged lightning connects the storm to the infernal. The supernatural isn't coming from above; it's rising from below — the entire scene glows with an underworld light.
- Conrad's gossamer mantle
- A cloak as light as a spider's web, worn in a violent storm, captures the contradiction of Conrad's nature: he exists between worlds, not entirely physical and not entirely spirit. This image is both delicate and terrifying.
§06Form & structure
Form & structure
- Meter
- anapestic tetrameter
- Rhyme
- AABB CCDD EEFF GGHH IIJJ KKLL MMNN OOPP QQRR SSTT UUVV WWXX YYZZ AABB
§07Historical context
Historical context
§08FAQ
Questions readers ask
Who is Conrad and why does he want revenge?
Conrad is the ghost of a man who was born as the illegitimate son of Adolphus's father. His father seduced his mother, then abandoned them, leaving Conrad to grow up in disgrace. He died before he could take his revenge, so he struck a deal with a demon to come back and complete what he began.
Why does Conrad take Agnes instead of punishing Adolphus directly?
Conrad goes after Agnes because she represents everything Adolphus cherishes — even the ghost makes this clear. Taking her away is the most brutal form of revenge: it keeps Adolphus alive just long enough for him to grasp his loss before crushing him with sorrow. This act also reflects the initial wrongdoing: just like Adolphus's father took and harmed someone Conrad held dear (his mother), Conrad takes and harms someone Adolphus loves.
Is Agnes punished for doing something wrong?
No, and that’s the darkest element of the poem. Agnes is brave, loving, and utterly innocent. She chooses to go to the tomb purely out of her devotion to Adolphus. The poem doesn’t imply that she deserves her fate — her destruction is central to the revenge, making it all the more devastating.
What does the title 'Revenge' mean — whose revenge is it?
It represents Conrad's revenge against Adolphus's father’s family. However, the title has a deeper, more sinister implication: the poem explores how revenge can act like poison. While Conrad's desire for vengeance makes sense given his circumstances, the way he carries it out is monstrous — he harms two innocent people who weren’t involved in his pain.
Why did Shelley set the poem in Strasburg?
Strasburg (modern-day Strasbourg) was a quintessential Gothic setting in early 19th-century literature—ancient, European, linked to noble families, dark woods, and Catholic architecture featuring chapels and crypts. Shelley drew on the tradition of German Gothic horror, and a German city lent the poem an authentic sense of old-world terror.
How old was Shelley when he wrote this?
Shelley was about 17 or 18 years old when this was published in 1810. You can really see the impact of the Gothic novels he loved as a teenager — authors like Ann Radcliffe and Matthew Lewis. It's definitely a poem from a young writer: lively, somewhat melodramatic, and genuinely enjoyable in its dedication to horror.
What is the poem's metre and does it matter?
The poem uses anapestic tetrameter — a lively rhythm that features two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed one. This metre is common in various ballads and Gothic poems from the time, matching the breathless, urgent tone beautifully. The rhythm drives the action forward, reflecting the relentless momentum of the revenge plot.
How does this poem connect to Shelley's later, more famous work?
On the surface, this work seems quite different from the philosophical poetry that Shelley is celebrated for, but it grapples with the same fundamental issue: innocent people suffering because of the powerful. In Prometheus Unbound and The Mask of Anarchy, Shelley examines this theme through political and mythological lenses. Here, he approaches it via Gothic horror. Instead of a tyrant king, the antagonist is a corrupt father, but the underlying moral outrage remains unchanged.
Citation
Cite this poem
MLA
Shelley, Percy Bysshe. "Revenge." Storgy, https://storgy.com/poems/revenge-percy-bysshe-shelley/.
APA
Shelley, P. B. (n.d.). Revenge. Storgy. https://storgy.com/poems/revenge-percy-bysshe-shelley/
Row A — Thesis
1 ptIn 'REVENGE.' Shelley deploys the machinery of Gothic terror—storm, specter, and sepulcher—not merely to thrill but to expose how inherited guilt destroys the innocent: Adolphus, who bears his father's sin as an unrequested birthright, …
- Row B — Evidence + Commentary4 pts
- Row C — Sophistication1 pt
- Common student errors
Available on any Storgy plan — model paragraphs, band callouts, and common student errors for every poem.
The study desk
Teaching materials and reference tools prepared for this poem.
Discussion questions for Revenge
Open, analytical, and comparative questions for class discussion or a reading group — ready to print or project.
Essay prompts on Revenge
Argument-led, context-led, and craft-led written tasks tied to this exact text, aligned to assessment objectives.
Reading-check questions for Revenge
Multiple-choice questions covering meaning, language, and form — each with the correct answer and a short rationale.
Take the quiz on this poem
Test your reading directly on the page — instant scoring, no signup, no printing.
Cite this poem
A properly formatted citation for your essay or bibliography, typeset by deterministic rules — no AI involved.
Adjacent texts in the archive
Read next
- In the same key
La Belle Dame Sans Merci
John Keats
Read & analyze - In the same key
The Raven
Edgar Allan Poe
Read & analyze - In the same key
Annabel Lee
Edgar Allan Poe
Read & analyze - In the same key
Christabel
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Read & analyze - In the same key
Goblin Market
Christina Rossetti
Read & analyze - Victorian · 1906
The Highwayman
Alfred Noyes
Read & analyze