OCTOBER by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

Editor's note

October takes on the role of a speaker — a technique known as **personification**. Its "ornaments" are the seasonal fruits, while its "garments" consist of autumn leaves. By likening those leaves to "cloth of gold" and crimson fabric, October appears regal, reminiscent of a king or queen prepared for a ceremony. The gold and crimson colors represent the traditional fall foliage palette, making this image both literal and luxurious.

Editor's note

"Sheaves" are bundles of cut grain — the outcome of late summer and early autumn harvest festivals. October gracefully steps back from that glory, insisting it doesn't take credit for the grain harvest. Instead, it asserts its rule over orchards (apples, pears) and vineyards (grapes for wine). This marks a clear seasonal distinction: the grain harvest finishes before October fully arrives, while fruit and wine grapes come into their own during October's reign.

Editor's note

The "frigid Scorpion" refers to the zodiac constellation Scorpio, which the sun enters around late October—an indication that colder days are on their way. The term "frigid" highlights the impending chill, yet the word "though" provides a counterbalance. Even with the cold approaching, the air remains dreamy and full of life. Longfellow beautifully conveys that real feeling of a warm October afternoon that still carries the scent and essence of summer.

Editor's note

The poem ends on a sensory and emotional note. "Tender memories of the summer-tide" implies that October doesn’t merely come after summer — it *remembers* it, holding a sense of nostalgia in the air. The "mingled voices of the doves and crows" create a vivid sound image: doves are soft, evoking warmth and peace, while crows bring to mind something darker and wilder. Together, they reflect October's dual nature — gentle yet slightly ominous.