The Annotated Edition
JASMIN. by James Russell Lowell
JASMIN isn't a poem on its own; rather, it's an introductory piece to James Russell Lowell's *Biglow Papers*.
- Themes
- art, home, identity
§01Quick summary
What this poem is about
§02Themes
Recurring themes
§03Line by line
Stanza by stanza, with notes
Epigraphs from Quintilian, Jocelin's Chronicle, and Henri Beyle (Stendhal)
Editor's note
Lowell begins with three epigraphs, featuring Latin, Latin, and French. The quote from Quintilian discusses a woman who recognized a scholar as a foreigner because he spoke *too* correctly — a fitting introduction to Lowell's defense of dialect writing. The quote from Jocelin highlights a medieval preacher who communicated with his audience in the Norfolk dialect of his youth, rather than in refined Latin — showcasing local speech as a marker of authenticity. Meanwhile, the Stendhal quote cautions that politics can drag literature down within six months and bore half the readers. Collectively, these three epigraphs encapsulate Lowell's mission: to write in the genuine language of real people, and to resist the pressures of political trends that could stifle creativity.
Editorial note: 'When the book appeared it bore a dedication to E.R. Hoar...'
Editor's note
This bracketed note indicates that the book initially began with a lengthy essay defending Yankee dialect English. The editors felt that the essay flowed better as an appendix instead of being an obstacle for readers before they could access the poems. However, one part of that essay is worth bringing to the forefront — the story of how 'The Courtin'' came to be — and that's what follows.
'The only attempt I had ever made at anything like a pastoral...'
Editor's note
Lowell acknowledges that 'The Courtin'' was a fluke. He needed to fill an empty space in the press proofs, so he quickly wrote a fake 'notice' that contained some verses from an imaginary Biglow ballad. He didn’t even save a copy. This is a truly humble admission from a Harvard professor and renowned poet: one of his most cherished works began as mere filler.
'Presently I began to receive letters asking for the rest of it...'
Editor's note
Readers were enthusiastic about the fragment and reached out for more—some even requested the *balance* of it, a term Lowell particularly enjoys. Since he didn't have any more, he crafted an ending for a later edition. However, those who only had the first edition continued to write in. The poem evolved gradually, fueled solely by reader interest rather than any intention from the author.
'Afterward, being asked to write it out as an autograph for the Baltimore Sanitary Commission Fair...'
Editor's note
The last expansion took place at a charity fair for the Civil War. When asked to handwrite the poem as a keepsake, Lowell added new verses infused with 'a bit more sentiment in a simple manner,' giving the poem a more defined structure — complete with characters, a cohesive story, and a clear beginning and end. He worries that he might have ruined it by polishing it too much, but he includes it here to put an end to the requests for good.
§04Tone & mood
How this poem feels
§05Symbols & metaphors
Symbols & metaphors
- The blank page
- The printer's blank page represents the role of chance in creative work. Amazing ideas can emerge from simply addressing a practical problem that needs a solution.
- The dialect / Yankee speech
- The Yankee vernacular embodies authenticity and a sense of belonging. Lowell's three epigraphs all convey the same message: using the language of your own community isn't a flaw; it's an expression of honesty.
- The autograph for the Sanitary Fair
- Writing out the poem by hand for a Civil War charity fair connects the familiar, domestic setting of 'The Courtin'' to the broader national crisis of the 1860s — illustrating that folk art and public life are intertwined.
- The importuning letters
- The stream of reader letters asking for 'the rest of it' shows how an audience can influence and even finish a piece of art. The poem is in its final form because everyday readers desired more.
§06Historical context
Historical context
§07FAQ
Questions readers ask
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