The Annotated Edition
HIAWATHA'S WEDDING-FEAST by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
This is the wedding celebration of Hiawatha and Laughing Water, shared through the performances of three guests: Pau-Puk-Keewis dazzles with a wild, whirling dance; Chibiabos serenades the newlyweds with a beautiful love song; and Iagoo, the legendary braggart, is invited to share a tale of wonder.
- Themes
- art, love, nature
§01Quick summary
What this poem is about
§02Themes
Recurring themes
§03Line by line
Stanza by stanza, with notes
You shall hear how Pau-Puk-Keewis, / How the handsome Yenadizze
Editor's note
Longfellow begins by directly speaking to the reader, promising three forms of entertainment at the wedding feast. He introduces all three performers right away — the dancer, the singer, and the storyteller — setting clear expectations for the structure. The repeated use of 'How' creates the atmosphere of an oral storyteller engaging and energizing the audience.
Sumptuous was the feast Nokomis / Made at Hiawatha's wedding;
Editor's note
Nokomis, Hiawatha's grandmother, has taken care of all the arrangements. Longfellow focuses on the tangible details — basswood bowls, bison-horn spoons, wampum belts — to illustrate a scene of genuine material wealth and cultural depth. The guests come dressed in their best attire, and the food mentioned reflects the Great Lakes region: sturgeon, pemican, wild rice, buffalo marrow.
But the gracious Hiawatha, / And the lovely Laughing Water,
Editor's note
In a quiet yet meaningful moment, Hiawatha, his new bride Laughing Water, and Nokomis choose not to eat. Instead, they focus on serving their guests. This act of hospitality and selflessness shows that the hosts prioritize their guests' needs over their own hunger, highlighting Hiawatha's character as a leader who gives rather than takes.
And when all the guests had finished, / Old Nokomis, brisk and busy,
Editor's note
After the meal, Nokomis fills the pipes and invites Pau-Puk-Keewis to dance. Filling the pipes is a ceremonial act that shifts the focus from eating to entertainment. Nokomis leads the entire event — she is the driving force behind the celebration.
Then the handsome Pau-Puk-Keewis, / He the idle Yenadizze,
Editor's note
Longfellow paints a vivid picture of Pau-Puk-Keewis before the dance begins. The warriors label him a coward and an idler, yet the women adore him. His intricate costume — made of doeskin, ermine, swan's-down plumes, fox tails, and vermilion face paint — is described with care, turning him into a striking figure of spectacle and beauty.
First he danced a solemn measure, / Very slow in step and gesture,
Editor's note
The dance starts off slow and smooth like a panther, gradually building into a frenzied whirlwind. Longfellow uses this dance to reach a physical climax in the poem, as Pau-Puk-Keewis literally stirs up the wind and sand to form the Sand Dunes on the lakeshore. The dance transforms into a mythic act that shapes the world — it's more than just entertainment; it's a powerful force of nature.
Then they said to Chibiabos, / To the friend of Hiawatha,
Editor's note
The guests invite Chibiabos, known as the sweetest musician. His song speaks directly to a beloved ('Onaway! Awake, beloved!') and is rich with nature imagery — lilies, dew, springs meeting sunshine, and ripples on a river. As he sings while gazing at Hiawatha and Laughing Water, the song serves as both a love song and a wedding blessing.
"Onaway! Awake, beloved! / Thou the wild-flower of the forest!"
Editor's note
Chibiabos's song is the emotional core of the poem. Each stanza connects a feeling—happiness, longing, sadness, joy—with a vivid image from nature. The beloved's smile lights up the singer's heart like sunlight dancing on water; her absence casts a shadow over it like clouds drifting across a river. The song is both gentle and straightforward, and its refrain 'Onaway! awake, beloved!' adds a chant-like, ceremonial feel.
Thus the gentle Chibiabos / Sang his song of love and longing;
Editor's note
After the song wraps up, Longfellow turns to Iagoo with a hint of humor. Iagoo feels a pang of jealousy over the applause Chibiabos got, and the narrator paints a satirical picture of the quintessential braggart — a guy who claims to do everything bigger, faster, and better than anyone else. His name has become a popular jab: whenever someone boasts too much, the crowd shouts 'Iagoo!'
So among the guests assembled / At my Hiawatha's wedding
Editor's note
The guests request a tale of wonder from Iagoo, who promises to share the story of Osseo the Magician, a descendant of the Evening Star. This creates a cliffhanger — the poem ends just before the story unfolds, serving as a frame that prepares the reader for the next part of the epic. Longfellow's reference to 'my Hiawatha' adds a small but heartfelt touch of affection for his character.
§04Tone & mood
How this poem feels
§05Symbols & metaphors
Symbols & metaphors
- The feast and its foods
- The specific foods — sturgeon, pemican, wild rice, buffalo marrow — aren't just for show. They root the poem in a genuine cultural context and express themes of abundance, community, and the land's generosity. The feast represents the community's well-being and unity.
- Pau-Puk-Keewis's dance
- The dance begins as entertainment but evolves into something much bigger—it actually transforms the landscape, forming the Sand Dunes. It embodies art's creative and transformative power, as well as the untamed energy that exists alongside structured celebration.
- The river in Chibiabos's song
- The river shows up twice in the love song: it's shadowed by clouds when the beloved is upset and sparkles with ripples when she smiles. It reflects the lover's emotional state, mirrored in nature—a classic Romantic technique that Longfellow employs beautifully here.
- The pipe
- Nokomis filling the red-stone pipes signals the shift from the meal to the entertainment. The pipe represents ceremony and communal ritual — a sign that what comes next is significant and shared, not just casual.
- Iagoo's boasting
- Iagoo is a comic representation of human vanity and the desire for recognition. His over-the-top claims are so famous that his name has turned into a synonym for bragging — he embodies a warning, all while being humorous.
- The Evening Star
- The Evening Star, mentioned only at the very end, hints at the mythic and celestial aspects of Osseo's lineage. It suggests that Iagoo's upcoming story will shift from the earthly realm of the feast to a more cosmic and legendary narrative.
§06Historical context
Historical context
§07FAQ
Questions readers ask
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