The Annotated Edition
Hiawatha's Wedding-Feast by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
This is the wedding celebration of Hiawatha and Laughing Water, shared through the performances of three guests: Pau-Puk-Keewis dazzles with a wild, whirling dance; Chibiabos serenades the newlyweds with a beautiful love song; and Iagoo, the legendary braggart, is invited to share a tale of wonder.
- Core theme
- Art
Study actions
§01Quick summary
What this poem is about
§02Themes
Recurring themes
§03Line by line
Stanza by stanza, with notes
You shall hear how Pau-Puk-Keewis, / How the handsome Yenadizze
Editor's note
Longfellow begins by directly speaking to the reader, promising three forms of entertainment at the wedding feast. He introduces all three performers right away — the dancer, the singer, and the storyteller — setting clear expectations for the structure. The repeated use of 'How' creates the atmosphere of an oral storyteller engaging and energizing the audience.
Sumptuous was the feast Nokomis / Made at Hiawatha's wedding;
Editor's note
Nokomis, Hiawatha's grandmother, has taken care of all the arrangements. Longfellow focuses on the tangible details — basswood bowls, bison-horn spoons, wampum belts — to illustrate a scene of genuine material wealth and cultural depth. The guests come dressed in their best attire, and the food mentioned reflects the Great Lakes region: sturgeon, pemican, wild rice, buffalo marrow.
But the gracious Hiawatha, / And the lovely Laughing Water,
Editor's note
In a quiet yet meaningful moment, Hiawatha, his new bride Laughing Water, and Nokomis choose not to eat. Instead, they focus on serving their guests. This act of hospitality and selflessness shows that the hosts prioritize their guests' needs over their own hunger, highlighting Hiawatha's character as a leader who gives rather than takes.
And when all the guests had finished, / Old Nokomis, brisk and busy,
Editor's note
After the meal, Nokomis fills the pipes and invites Pau-Puk-Keewis to dance. Filling the pipes is a ceremonial act that shifts the focus from eating to entertainment. Nokomis leads the entire event — she is the driving force behind the celebration.
Then the handsome Pau-Puk-Keewis, / He the idle Yenadizze,
Editor's note
Longfellow paints a vivid picture of Pau-Puk-Keewis before the dance begins. The warriors label him a coward and an idler, yet the women adore him. His intricate costume — made of doeskin, ermine, swan's-down plumes, fox tails, and vermilion face paint — is described with care, turning him into a striking figure of spectacle and beauty.
First he danced a solemn measure, / Very slow in step and gesture,
Editor's note
The dance starts off slow and smooth like a panther, gradually building into a frenzied whirlwind. Longfellow uses this dance to reach a physical climax in the poem, as Pau-Puk-Keewis literally stirs up the wind and sand to form the Sand Dunes on the lakeshore. The dance transforms into a mythic act that shapes the world — it's more than just entertainment; it's a powerful force of nature.
Then they said to Chibiabos, / To the friend of Hiawatha,
Editor's note
The guests invite Chibiabos, known as the sweetest musician. His song speaks directly to a beloved ('Onaway! Awake, beloved!') and is rich with nature imagery — lilies, dew, springs meeting sunshine, and ripples on a river. As he sings while gazing at Hiawatha and Laughing Water, the song serves as both a love song and a wedding blessing.
"Onaway! Awake, beloved! / Thou the wild-flower of the forest!"
Editor's note
Chibiabos's song is the emotional core of the poem. Each stanza connects a feeling—happiness, longing, sadness, joy—with a vivid image from nature. The beloved's smile lights up the singer's heart like sunlight dancing on water; her absence casts a shadow over it like clouds drifting across a river. The song is both gentle and straightforward, and its refrain 'Onaway! awake, beloved!' adds a chant-like, ceremonial feel.
Thus the gentle Chibiabos / Sang his song of love and longing;
Editor's note
After the song wraps up, Longfellow turns to Iagoo with a hint of humor. Iagoo feels a pang of jealousy over the applause Chibiabos got, and the narrator paints a satirical picture of the quintessential braggart — a guy who claims to do everything bigger, faster, and better than anyone else. His name has become a popular jab: whenever someone boasts too much, the crowd shouts 'Iagoo!'
So among the guests assembled / At my Hiawatha's wedding
Editor's note
The guests request a tale of wonder from Iagoo, who promises to share the story of Osseo the Magician, a descendant of the Evening Star. This creates a cliffhanger — the poem ends just before the story unfolds, serving as a frame that prepares the reader for the next part of the epic. Longfellow's reference to 'my Hiawatha' adds a small but heartfelt touch of affection for his character.
§04Tone & mood
How this poem feels
§05Symbols & metaphors
Symbols & metaphors
- The feast and its foods
- The specific foods — sturgeon, pemican, wild rice, buffalo marrow — aren't just for show. They root the poem in a genuine cultural context and express themes of abundance, community, and the land's generosity. The feast represents the community's well-being and unity.
- Pau-Puk-Keewis's dance
- The dance begins as entertainment but evolves into something much bigger—it actually transforms the landscape, forming the Sand Dunes. It embodies art's creative and transformative power, as well as the untamed energy that exists alongside structured celebration.
- The river in Chibiabos's song
- The river shows up twice in the love song: it's shadowed by clouds when the beloved is upset and sparkles with ripples when she smiles. It reflects the lover's emotional state, mirrored in nature—a classic Romantic technique that Longfellow employs beautifully here.
- The pipe
- Nokomis filling the red-stone pipes signals the shift from the meal to the entertainment. The pipe represents ceremony and communal ritual — a sign that what comes next is significant and shared, not just casual.
- Iagoo's boasting
- Iagoo is a comic representation of human vanity and the desire for recognition. His over-the-top claims are so famous that his name has turned into a synonym for bragging — he embodies a warning, all while being humorous.
- The Evening Star
- The Evening Star, mentioned only at the very end, hints at the mythic and celestial aspects of Osseo's lineage. It suggests that Iagoo's upcoming story will shift from the earthly realm of the feast to a more cosmic and legendary narrative.
§06Historical context
Historical context
§07FAQ
Questions readers ask
What is this poem actually about?
It recounts the wedding festivities of Hiawatha and his bride, Laughing Water (Minnehaha). Three guests take the stage to entertain the crowd: Pau-Puk-Keewis performs a dance, Chibiabos sings a love song, and Iagoo is asked to share a story. The poem ultimately celebrates the joy found in community gatherings and the various expressions of art.
What is the meter of the poem and why does it sound so repetitive?
The poem uses trochaic tetrameter, which consists of eight syllables per line with the stress on the first syllable of each pair (DA-dum DA-dum DA-dum DA-dum). Longfellow directly adopted this rhythm from the Finnish epic Kalevala. This repetition is purposeful; it captures the essence of oral storytelling and chant, creating a hypnotic, drum-like quality that perfectly fits a tale about music and dance.
Who is Nokomis and why is she so important in this section?
Nokomis is Hiawatha's grandmother, and in this poem, she takes charge of the entire feast. She cooks the food, sends out invitations, fills the pipes, and calls each performer in turn. She is the practical and loving spirit behind the celebration — the one who brings the joy to life.
What is the 'Beggar's Dance' that Pau-Puk-Keewis performs?
Longfellow doesn't provide a detailed description of the Beggar's Dance, but it seems to be a traditional social dance. The key aspect of the poem is how the dance evolves — beginning slowly and solemnly, before transforming into a wild frenzy that whips up the wind and sand, ultimately forming the Sand Dunes on the lakeshore. Longfellow transforms this social performance into a mythic event that shapes the world.
Who is Chibiabos and what is his song about?
Chibiabos is Hiawatha's closest friend and the finest musician among the people. His song, dedicated to a beloved with the refrain 'Onaway! Awake, beloved!', is a love song crafted entirely from nature comparisons. He sings it while gazing at Hiawatha and Laughing Water, making it both a general love song and a wedding blessing for the couple.
Is Iagoo a villain?
Not really — he's more of a comic character. He's a legendary braggart whose tall tales are so outrageous that his name has turned into a common insult for anyone who boasts excessively. Longfellow portrays him with a mix of affection and mockery. Iagoo is also truly talented: he carved Hiawatha's cradle and taught him how to make bows and arrows. He's vain and jealous, but not mean-spirited.
Is this poem historically accurate about Native American culture?
Longfellow drew inspiration for the poem from Ojibwe legends that Henry Rowe Schoolcraft collected, giving it some grounding in reality through cultural details like foods, games, and ceremonies. However, he also romanticized and oversimplified many aspects, viewing Indigenous life through a European Romantic perspective. As a result, the poem captures 19th-century American views of Native peoples rather than accurately portraying how Ojibwe people lived or perceived themselves.
Why does the poem end before Iagoo tells his story?
This section is one canto in a much longer epic poem. Longfellow wraps it up with a cliffhanger — Iagoo hints at the tale of Osseo the Magician, but that story will be told in the next canto. It’s a classic storytelling technique: keep the audience eager for what’s next.
Citation
Cite this poem
MLA
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. "Hiawatha's Wedding-Feast." Storgy, https://storgy.com/poems/hiawathas-wedding-feast-henry-wadsworth-longfellow/.
APA
Longfellow, H. W. (n.d.). Hiawatha's wedding-feast. Storgy. https://storgy.com/poems/hiawathas-wedding-feast-henry-wadsworth-longfellow/
Row A — Thesis
1 ptIn 'Hiawatha's Wedding-Feast,' Longfellow uses ceremonial structure, accumulative cataloguing, and the contrasting performance modes of three guests to argue that a community's identity is constituted not by its heroes alone but by the full …
- Row B — Evidence + Commentary4 pts
- Row C — Sophistication1 pt
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