The Annotated Edition
Einar Tamberskelver by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
This poem recounts a notable event from Norse history: the Battle of Svolder (circa 1000 AD), where the young archer Einar Tamberskelver fights valiantly for King Olaf but has his bow broken by an enemy's arrow.
- Core theme
- Courage
Study actions
§01Quick summary
What this poem is about
§02Themes
Recurring themes
§03Line by line
Stanza by stanza, with notes
It was Einar Tamberskelver / Stood beside the mast;
Editor's note
Longfellow thrusts us right into the heat of battle. Einar stands at the mast of King Olaf's ship, shooting arrows quickly at Earl Eric, who is sheltering behind the ship's quarter-railing and his shield. The silver-tipped yew bow marks Einar as an elite warrior, setting him apart from the average soldier.
First an arrow struck the tiller, / Just above his head;
Editor's note
Einar's arrows keep narrowly missing Earl Eric. Instead of panicking, Eric calmly calls for a song — specifically a funeral song for the deceased King Hakon. This shows his dark battlefield bravado: Eric is so confident he can ask for entertainment during a fight. A second arrow then grazes his coat of mail, demonstrating just how close Einar is getting.
Turning to a Lapland yeoman, / As the arrow passed,
Editor's note
Eric orders a Lapland archer — known for their remarkable skill in Norse tradition — to eliminate Einar. The yeoman's arrow breaks Einar's bow in two. Yet, Einar laughs. That laugh captures his entire character in an instant: he is neither afraid nor defeated, just amused.
"What was that?" said Olaf, standing / On the quarter-deck.
Editor's note
King Olaf hears the bow snap and asks what happened. Einar's response hits the poem's emotional core: he says the sound was "Norway breaking from thy hand, O King." It's a heartbreaking line—he's telling Olaf that losing his bow signifies losing the battle, and losing the battle means losing the kingdom.
"Thou art but a poor diviner," / Straightway Olaf said;
Editor's note
Olaf pushes back, calling Einar a bad prophet, and offers him one of his bows. However, when Einar takes it, he sees blood dripping from Olaf's iron glove — a subtle detail that reveals Olaf is already injured. The king is handing over his best weapon while wounded, which adds a poignant touch of tragic generosity to the gesture.
But the bow was thin and narrow; / At the first assay,
Editor's note
Einar tests the bow and quickly realizes it’s too weak for his draw. He tosses it aside, anger flushing his face, and hurls a sharp insult: for a warrior as great as Olaf is supposed to be, his bows are laughably weak. It’s a public humiliation for the king, and Einar shows no signs of holding back.
Then, with smile of joy defiant / On his beardless lip,
Editor's note
The final stanza is a visual spectacle. Einar — still too young to grow a beard — smiles boldly as he leaps onto Earl Eric's ship. His golden hair flows freely, his armor shines brightly, and Longfellow likens him to the Archangel Michael casting down Lucifer. This Christian imagery inserted into a Norse battle elevates Einar to a nearly mythical status.
§04Tone & mood
How this poem feels
§05Symbols & metaphors
Symbols & metaphors
- Einar's bow
- The bow symbolizes Einar's strength and identity as a warrior. When it breaks, it signifies Norway's military decline under King Olaf — a point Einar makes clear in his well-known line to the king.
- Olaf's replacement bow
- The weak bow Olaf offers symbolizes the king's inability to lead and fight effectively. It's too thin and narrow — a representation of a reign that can no longer uphold the warriors who support it.
- The blood-drops through the iron glove
- Olaf's bleeding hand quietly signals that the king is already losing. He's wounded and surrendering his finest equipment — a king who can't maintain his grip on either his weapon or his kingdom.
- Einar's beardless lip and golden locks
- His youth highlights his remarkable courage. He's still so young, yet he outshines everyone on the battlefield with his nerve and spirit.
- Saint Michael overthrowing Lucifer
- This Christian image set in a Norse context is intentional. Longfellow presents Einar as a symbol of divine justice — not merely a courageous warrior but more akin to an avenging angel.
§06Form & structure
Form & structure
- Meter
- trochaic tetrameter
- Rhyme
- ABAB CDCD EFEF GHGH IJIJ KLKL MNMN
§07Historical context
Historical context
§08FAQ
Questions readers ask
What does 'Tamberskelver' mean?
It's an Old Norse nickname that translates to something like "bow-shaker" or "one who makes the bow tremble," highlighting the strength of his draw. In the sagas, this title of honor was bestowed upon Einar due to his legendary talent as an archer.
What does Einar mean when he says 'That was Norway breaking from thy hand, O King'?
He's saying that the crack in his broken bow shows how the entire battle — and the whole kingdom — is slipping away from Olaf. Without Einar's bow keeping Earl Eric in check, Olaf loses his strongest asset. Einar is telling the king, straightforwardly, that the fight is already over.
Why does Einar laugh when his bow is broken?
It's a warrior's determination not to display weakness or fear. In the Norse saga tradition, a great fighter faces disaster with calmness or even humor. Einar's laughter shows us he's not shaken — he’s already pondering his next move.
Who is Earl Eric and why is he hiding?
Earl Eric Hakonarson was a Norwegian chieftain who formed an alliance against King Olaf during the Battle of Svolder. He crouches behind the quarter-railing, shield raised, as Einar's arrows whiz perilously close to him. His calm demeanor in the heat of battle signals that he is a formidable opponent.
Why does Longfellow compare Einar to Saint Michael at the end?
Saint Michael is the archangel who, according to Christian tradition, expelled Satan (Lucifer) from heaven — a powerful symbol of a righteous warrior overcoming a formidable foe. Longfellow employs this imagery to transform Einar from a mere historical figure into a legendary and almost sacred character, aligning perfectly with the ballad's celebratory tone.
What is a 'Kamper' and why does Einar use the word?
"Kamper" comes from Old Norse and German, meaning a champion fighter or great warrior. Einar uses it sarcastically, implying, "For someone who claims to be such a great champion, your bows are laughably weak." It's a clear jab at Olaf's reputation.
What happens to King Olaf at the Battle of Svolder?
According to the sagas, Olaf Tryggvason chose to jump into the sea rather than be captured—he was never seen again. Longfellow's poem finishes just before that moment, concluding instead with Einar's bold leap onto Eric's ship, keeping the emphasis on courage rather than defeat.
What is the poem's meter and why does it feel so fast?
Longfellow employs a trochaic tetrameter—lines with a strong stress-unstress pattern, featuring four beats per line. This same driving rhythm appears in his Song of Hiawatha. The falling, forward-pushing beat captures the swift motion of arrows and action, which is why the poem feels like it's racing along.
Citation
Cite this poem
MLA
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. "Einar Tamberskelver." Storgy, https://storgy.com/poems/einar-tamberskelver-henry-wadsworth-longfellow/.
APA
Longfellow, H. W. (n.d.). Einar tamberskelver. Storgy. https://storgy.com/poems/einar-tamberskelver-henry-wadsworth-longfellow/
Row A — Thesis
1 ptIn 'Einar Tamberskelver,' Longfellow contrasts physical destruction with psychological resilience to argue that true power resides not in weapons or rank but in the unbreakable will of the individual warrior, a claim dramatized by Einar's …
- Row B — Evidence + Commentary4 pts
- Row C — Sophistication1 pt
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Available on any Storgy plan — model paragraphs, band callouts, and common student errors for every poem.
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