The Annotated Edition
EINAR TAMBERSKELVER by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
This poem recounts a notable event from Norse history: the Battle of Svolder (circa 1000 AD), where the young archer Einar Tamberskelver fights valiantly for King Olaf but has his bow broken by an enemy's arrow.
- Themes
- courage, freedom, identity
§01Quick summary
What this poem is about
§02Themes
Recurring themes
§03Line by line
Stanza by stanza, with notes
It was Einar Tamberskelver / Stood beside the mast;
Editor's note
Longfellow thrusts us right into the heat of battle. Einar stands at the mast of King Olaf's ship, shooting arrows quickly at Earl Eric, who is sheltering behind the ship's quarter-railing and his shield. The silver-tipped yew bow marks Einar as an elite warrior, setting him apart from the average soldier.
First an arrow struck the tiller, / Just above his head;
Editor's note
Einar's arrows keep narrowly missing Earl Eric. Instead of panicking, Eric calmly calls for a song — specifically a funeral song for the deceased King Hakon. This shows his dark battlefield bravado: Eric is so confident he can ask for entertainment during a fight. A second arrow then grazes his coat of mail, demonstrating just how close Einar is getting.
Turning to a Lapland yeoman, / As the arrow passed,
Editor's note
Eric orders a Lapland archer — known for their remarkable skill in Norse tradition — to eliminate Einar. The yeoman's arrow breaks Einar's bow in two. Yet, Einar laughs. That laugh captures his entire character in an instant: he is neither afraid nor defeated, just amused.
"What was that?" said Olaf, standing / On the quarter-deck.
Editor's note
King Olaf hears the bow snap and asks what happened. Einar's response hits the poem's emotional core: he says the sound was "Norway breaking from thy hand, O King." It's a heartbreaking line—he's telling Olaf that losing his bow signifies losing the battle, and losing the battle means losing the kingdom.
"Thou art but a poor diviner," / Straightway Olaf said;
Editor's note
Olaf pushes back, calling Einar a bad prophet, and offers him one of his bows. However, when Einar takes it, he sees blood dripping from Olaf's iron glove — a subtle detail that reveals Olaf is already injured. The king is handing over his best weapon while wounded, which adds a poignant touch of tragic generosity to the gesture.
But the bow was thin and narrow; / At the first assay,
Editor's note
Einar tests the bow and quickly realizes it’s too weak for his draw. He tosses it aside, anger flushing his face, and hurls a sharp insult: for a warrior as great as Olaf is supposed to be, his bows are laughably weak. It’s a public humiliation for the king, and Einar shows no signs of holding back.
Then, with smile of joy defiant / On his beardless lip,
Editor's note
The final stanza is a visual spectacle. Einar — still too young to grow a beard — smiles boldly as he leaps onto Earl Eric's ship. His golden hair flows freely, his armor shines brightly, and Longfellow likens him to the Archangel Michael casting down Lucifer. This Christian imagery inserted into a Norse battle elevates Einar to a nearly mythical status.
§04Tone & mood
How this poem feels
§05Symbols & metaphors
Symbols & metaphors
- Einar's bow
- The bow symbolizes Einar's strength and identity as a warrior. When it breaks, it signifies Norway's military decline under King Olaf — a point Einar makes clear in his well-known line to the king.
- Olaf's replacement bow
- The weak bow Olaf offers symbolizes the king's inability to lead and fight effectively. It's too thin and narrow — a representation of a reign that can no longer uphold the warriors who support it.
- The blood-drops through the iron glove
- Olaf's bleeding hand quietly signals that the king is already losing. He's wounded and surrendering his finest equipment — a king who can't maintain his grip on either his weapon or his kingdom.
- Einar's beardless lip and golden locks
- His youth highlights his remarkable courage. He's still so young, yet he outshines everyone on the battlefield with his nerve and spirit.
- Saint Michael overthrowing Lucifer
- This Christian image set in a Norse context is intentional. Longfellow presents Einar as a symbol of divine justice — not merely a courageous warrior but more akin to an avenging angel.
§06Historical context
Historical context
§07FAQ
Questions readers ask
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