The Annotated Edition
Chorus of Dreams from the Ivory Gate by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
This poem captures the tense moment right before Pandora opens her legendary box — referred to here as a chest — by voicing the dream-spirits that slip through the Ivory Gate to plant a dangerous whisper in her slumbering mind.
- Core theme
- Dreams
Study actions
§01Quick summary
What this poem is about
§02Themes
Recurring themes
§03Line by line
Stanza by stanza, with notes
Ye sentinels of sleep, / It is in vain ye keep
Editor's note
The dream-spirits begin by mocking the guardians of the Ivory Gate — the mythological portal where false or deceptive dreams enter the mortal realm. Their tone is triumphant: no barrier or sentinel can hinder their passage. Longfellow directly references Homer and Virgil, who both depict two gates of dreams: one made of horn (for true dreams) and the other of ivory (for false ones).
We phantoms are and dreams / Born by Tartarean streams
Editor's note
The spirits introduce themselves as the offspring of Tartarus, the deepest pit of the underworld, and Night, serving "infernal powers." They speak to Erebus, the primordial god of darkness. This stanza firmly ties the poem to Greek cosmology, indicating that these are not mere innocent dreams — they act as agents of a darker, more intentional force.
From gloomy Tartarus / The Fates have summoned us
Editor's note
Now we learn the mission: the Fates have sent these dream-spirits to whisper into Pandora's sleeping ear. The secret they bring is meant to ignite her "insane desire" to uncover what the gods have forbidden. The term *insane* is crucial — Longfellow depicts her curiosity not as noble or heroic but as a form of madness imposed from the outside.
This passion, in their ire, / The Gods themselves inspire
Editor's note
This is the poem's darkest moment. The gods aren’t just sitting back; they’re the ones who ignited Pandora's desire out of anger. Their aim is to bring an end to the Age of Gold and inundate the earth with suffering and illness. Longfellow reinterprets the Pandora myth, focusing on divine cruelty instead of human frailty.
A voice said in my sleep: "Do not delay: / Do not delay; the golden moments fly!"
Editor's note
Pandora wakes up and instantly echoes the dream-voice's sense of urgency. Notice how she bends the oracle's warning to fit her own narrative: it was meant for *Epimetheus*, not for her. This is self-deception happening right before our eyes. She gazes into the mirrors and sees no one who can intervene, then convinces herself that her desire is something the gods designed within her — which, as we just heard, is actually true.
I hesitate no longer. Weal or woe, / Or life or death, the moment shall decide.
Editor's note
Pandora's last words before she takes action reflect a wild acceptance of destiny. She sets aside her thoughts and allows the moment to sweep her away. The stage directions that follow — the thick fog, her fainting, the raging storm outside — distill the disaster into raw feeling. Longfellow chooses not to include any dialogue after the lid is raised, allowing silence and the elements to express what words fail to convey.
§04Tone & mood
How this poem feels
§05Symbols & metaphors
Symbols & metaphors
- The Ivory Gate
- In Greek and Roman tradition, the Ivory Gate is the entry point for false or deceptive dreams into the mortal realm, unlike the Gate of Horn, which allows true dreams to pass through. This gate symbolizes the line between divine influence and human awareness—a line that the gods intentionally cross.
- The chest (Pandora's box)
- The chest symbolizes all human suffering, but in this poem, it also represents forbidden knowledge. Longfellow highlights the act of *knowing* — Pandora seeks to grasp good and evil as the gods do. The chest is not just a box of plagues; it's more like a locked door separating human understanding from divine insight.
- The mirrors
- When Pandora gazes into the mirrors and only sees "shadows and phantoms" of herself, it indicates that she is already fragmented and not entirely herself. The mirrors provide no guidance or pushback—they merely reflect her desires back to her, amplifying them instead of holding them in check.
- The Age of Gold
- The gods aim to prevent the Age of Gold from ever returning. This mythical time of human innocence and ease represents everything that will be irretrievably lost when the lid is opened — not just for Pandora, but for all of humanity.
- The storm
- The storm that bursts forth as Pandora opens the chest is a classic example of pathetic fallacy — nature responding to human actions. However, it also makes the chaos that has just been unleashed more tangible. The outside world shifts the moment the inside of the chest transforms.
- The dream-voices
- The chorus of dream-spirits illustrates how divine will often masquerades as our inner impulses. Pandora thinks she's following her own desires, but the poem has already revealed that these desires were instilled by the gods. The voices function as the mechanism of fate, disguised as subconscious thoughts.
§06Historical context
Historical context
§07FAQ
Questions readers ask
What is the Ivory Gate and why does it matter?
In Homer's Odyssey and Virgil's Aeneid, dreams emerge from the underworld through one of two gates: the Gate of Horn delivers true dreams, while the Ivory Gate brings false or deceptive ones. By having the dream-spirits brag about going through the Ivory Gate, Longfellow immediately indicates that what Pandora is about to hear in her sleep is a lie — or at least a distortion. The gate serves as a warning label that Pandora never gets to see.
Is this poem about Pandora's box?
Yes, although Longfellow sticks to the older tradition of calling it a chest instead of a box (the "box" version is based on a mistranslation from the 16th century). This poem is a scene from his longer dramatic piece Masque of Pandora, capturing the moment when the dream-spirits inspire Pandora with an idea, leading her to wake up and take action.
Who are Erebus, Tartarus, and the Fates?
These figures come from Greek cosmology. Erebus is the original god of darkness, one of the earliest beings to emerge. Tartarus serves as both a deity and a location — the deepest region of the underworld, situated even below Hades. The Fates, known as the Moirai, are three goddesses responsible for determining the fate of all mortals and immortals. By calling upon all three, Longfellow tips the cosmic scales against Pandora: the oldest and darkest forces in existence are aligned against her.
Does Longfellow blame Pandora or the gods?
The poem places significant blame on the gods. The chorus clearly states that the gods sparked Pandora's passion "in their ire," aiming to bring an end to the Age of Gold and spread suffering across the earth. From the beginning, Pandora is manipulated—her desire is crafted rather than freely chosen. However, Longfellow also depicts her as rationalizing and making choices, which means she isn't completely innocent.
What does Pandora mean when she says the oracle forbade Epimetheus, not her?
She is nitpicking a legal detail to give herself the green light. The oracle advised against opening the chest, but she reasons that the warning was meant for her husband Epimetheus, so it doesn’t really apply to her. This is a textbook case of motivated reasoning—she has made up her mind about what she wants and is now trying to find a way to back it up.
Why does Pandora fall senseless after opening the chest?
The thick mist that rises from the chest and renders her unconscious is Longfellow's way of illustrating how overwhelming and immediate the aftermath is — she can't even see the full impact of her actions. This choice also prevents the poem from directly detailing the evils, which is a clever dramatic move: the imagination can convey the horrors more powerfully than any list ever could.
What is a masque, and how does that affect how we read this poem?
A masque is a type of court entertainment from the 16th and 17th centuries that brought together poetry, music, dance, and elaborate staging. Longfellow brought this form back to life with Masque of Pandora, indicating that the poem is intended for performance rather than just reading. The chorus sections are designed to be sung or chanted by several voices, and the stage directions serve as actual instructions. When you read it on the page, you're essentially looking at a script.
What is the "Age of Gold" and why do the gods want to end it?
The Age of Gold (or Golden Age) comes from Hesiod, describing a mythological time when humans lived in peace, comfort, and harmony, without toil or suffering. In Longfellow's version, the gods seek to destroy this age out of anger—though the poem doesn’t clarify the reasons, it reflects the wider Greek tradition of gods who envy human joy or manipulate mortals for their own disputes. The Age of Gold symbolizes everything humanity is on the brink of losing forever.
Citation
Cite this poem
MLA
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. "Chorus of Dreams from the Ivory Gate." Storgy, https://storgy.com/poems/chorus-of-dreams-from-the-ivory-gate-henry-wadsworth-longfellow/.
APA
Longfellow, H. W. (n.d.). Chorus of dreams from the ivory gate. Storgy. https://storgy.com/poems/chorus-of-dreams-from-the-ivory-gate-henry-wadsworth-longfellow/
Row A — Thesis
1 ptIn 'Chorus of Dreams from the Ivory Gate,' Longfellow employs the theatrical machinery of classical myth — disembodied dream-voices, a sleeping woman, a forbidden chest — not merely to retell the Pandora story but to argue that divine …
- Row B — Evidence + Commentary4 pts
- Row C — Sophistication1 pt
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