The Annotated Edition
BRONZE TABLETS by Amy Lowell
Bronze Tablets is a two-part poem by Amy Lowell that takes place in Napoleonic France.
- Poet
- Amy Lowell
- Themes
- beauty, memory, war
§01Quick summary
What this poem is about
§02Themes
Recurring themes
§03Line by line
Stanza by stanza, with notes
Cross-ribboned shoes; a muslin gown, / High-waisted, girdled with bright blue;
Editor's note
Lowell begins with a vivid description of Jeanne Tourmont's clothing — the high-waisted muslin dress and ribboned shoes transport us straight to France's Directoire/Consulate period. The detail feels almost cinematic; we visualize the woman before we learn anything about her circumstances.
"Ah, Mademoiselle, / A dirty pathway, we need rain,
Editor's note
Monsieur Popain, the fruit seller, begins a long-winded monologue. What starts as casual chatter about dust and rain soon shifts to discussions of battle — the baker believes a war might "shake the clouds." Although Popain claims to be a man of peace, the topic of war seeps into everyday conversation. The line "guns and bayonets for shrouds" serves as a grim hint of the poem's conclusion.
Over the fruiterer's door, the leaves / Held back the sun, a greenish flare
Editor's note
This is classic Imagist writing. Lowell takes his time to capture the light filtering through the leaves above the shop door — "a greenish flare" that flickers and glimmers. The golden letters on the sign break the sunlight into "little scattered lights." Inside, the shop transforms into a vibrant paradise of color and sensation, standing in stark contrast to the war-torn world beyond.
Jeanne Tourmont entered the shop, her poke / Bonnet tilted itself to rights,
Editor's note
Jeanne's face, framed by her bonnet, is likened to "the moon on nights / Of flickering clouds" — lovely yet only occasionally seen, somewhat elusive. She straightforwardly mentions her budget: two francs, and she’s willing to take wind-blown fruit if needed. Her poverty is presented plainly, without any drama.
Monsieur Popain shrugged and rubbed his hands. / What could he do, the times were sad.
Editor's note
Popain's sales pitch unfolds over several stanzas. He treats each fruit with dramatic flair—pressing a pear, describing grapes that "burst to honey," and lifting oranges as if they were pieces of the sun. Yet, beneath the praise lies the harsh backdrop of the Napoleonic wars: Nelson's ships block southern trade routes, smugglers brave danger to bring in figs and almonds, and prices climb as lives are lost to transport goods.
He picked some currants out of a wide / Earthen bowl.
Editor's note
The currant story serves as the emotional core of the poem's first section. These fruits come from a chateau garden where the young Marquis was taken away by revolutionary citizens under unclear circumstances—Popain believes it was a misunderstanding, that the man simply enjoyed gardening. Now, the gardener's wife sells the fruit to make ends meet. The violence of history intertwines with something as small and sweet as a currant.
Jeanne Tourmont drew back the filigree ring / Of her striped silk purse, tipped it upside down
Editor's note
Jeanne empties her purse—two coins, one rolling away under her gown—and draws on their long-standing friendship and her family's past kindness to Popain. The gesture carries both dignity and desperation. Moved by her plea, Popain fills a basket with fruit worth much more than the two francs. This exchange is both tender and subtly political: old social ties enduring despite the chaos of revolution.
The sunlight was so bright it flashed / Her eyes to blindness, and the rout
Editor's note
Stepping back into the street, Jeanne is momentarily blinded and almost hit by a speeding carriage. Her basket is crushed, and the fruit splatters red across the cobblestones, resembling "blood." Popain recognizes the carriage: it belongs to General Bonaparte, who is off to war. The intimate, personal world of the fruit shop — filled with kindness, poverty, and memory — is starkly obliterated by the march of history.
How the slates of the roof sparkle in the sun, over there, over there, / beyond the high wall!
Editor's note
"Malmaison" begins with a prose-poem rhythm that feels almost hypnotic. The phrase "over there" recurs, evoking a sense of longing and separation. The Seine, the clouds, and the roses tucked behind a wall — all are stunning yet just beyond reach. The Citoyenne Beauharnais (who will become Joséphine) walks along dusty roads while roses flourish behind a barrier she can't cross. The mention of the guillotine alongside the roses serves as a stark reminder that this beauty is intertwined with fear.
Gallop! Gallop! The General brooks no delay.
Editor's note
The second section of "Malmaison" focuses on Napoleon's return from Egypt. The fast-paced, authoritative rhythm reflects his energy and impatience. The porter is cautioned against gossiping about the "gentleman" who spent two months with Joséphine. Napoleon's Mamluk bodyguard Roustan comes across as both exotic and intimidating — a nod to the empire's vast influence. The scene balances humor and tension simultaneously.
"Bonaparte, mon ami, the trees are golden like my star,
Editor's note
Joséphine's voice is a mix of flattery, manipulation, and true fear. She brings up the gypsy prophecy that foretold her as queen, praises Napoleon, and maintains some distance — "not here, the servants are watching." The scene changes to a cozy night setting where the rose imagery from the poem's beginning is reflected on her body: "smooth, open petals — her arms." Napoleon is depicted as a sun, an eagle, and a bee. The poem concludes with clouds shifting like ships of the line — blending war and nature seamlessly.
§04Tone & mood
How this poem feels
§05Symbols & metaphors
Symbols & metaphors
- The fruit
- The fruit in Popain's shop represents everyday life — pleasure, sustenance, beauty — that persists even amidst war. Each piece of fruit tells a tale of trade routes, blockades, fallen soldiers, and displaced aristocrats. When Jeanne's basket is crushed at the end, it symbolizes the loss of that ordinary world due to the weight of history.
- Roses at Malmaison
- The roses symbolize desire and beauty, always just beyond Joséphine's grasp — first, they sit behind a wall she cannot cross, and later, they are mirrored on her own body in the poem's final lines. They also hint at the looming presence of the guillotine, which appears in the same sentence as the roses in section I of "Malmaison."
- Dust
- Dust appears at the start of both sections. It represents the gritty texture of everyday life under pressure — the grimy street Jeanne navigates, the chalky and powdered skin of Joséphine on the road. This stands in stark contrast to the shiny, refined surfaces of authority: the shimmering slate roof, the gilded letters, and the general's carriage.
- The carriage and four
- Napoleon's carriage symbolizes the clash between monumental historical events and the intimate human experience. It makes two appearances — first as the vehicle that crushes Jeanne's fruit, and later as the ride that brings Napoleon racing to Malmaison. It embodies speed, power, and a disregard for what gets damaged along the way.
- The purse
- Jeanne's striped silk purse, now empty and crumpled, perfectly captures the essence of genteel poverty. Once a fine accessory, it now contains very little. Lowell's careful attention to detail — the filigree ring, the braids, and how it collapses — turns it into a small tribute to a class brought low by revolution.
- The slate roof of Malmaison
- The roof glistening in the sunlight is a consistent motif throughout the "Malmaison" section. It symbolizes the estate — and, by extension, the Napoleonic empire — as something radiant, remote, and ultimately frigid. By the conclusion, it gleams "palely milkily white" in the moonlight, lovely yet devoid of warmth.
§06Historical context
Historical context
§07FAQ
Questions readers ask
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