The Annotated Edition
THE SAILING OF THE MAYFLOWER by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
This is Canto VI of Longfellow's narrative poem *The Courtship of Miles Standish*, depicting the Pilgrims of Plymouth on the morning the Mayflower prepares to return to England.
- Themes
- courage, home, love
§01Quick summary
What this poem is about
§02Themes
Recurring themes
§03Line by line
Stanza by stanza, with notes
Just in the gray of the dawn, as the mists uprose from the meadows, / There was a stir and a sound in the slumbering village of Plymouth;
Editor's note
The canto begins just before dawn. Standish takes a small armed group from Plymouth to quell a Native uprising. Longfellow employs the dim light and quiet to build suspense, with the soldiers appearing so massive in the fog that they resemble the biblical giants from King David's army. The ocean waves are likened to soldiers as well, "firing" along the shore, linking the natural world to the military atmosphere.
Many a mile had they marched, when at length the village of Plymouth / Woke from its sleep, and arose, intent on its manifold labors.
Editor's note
The scene shifts to the village coming to life. Smoke from chimneys drifts east, signaling to the colonists that the wind is favorable for the Mayflower's departure. Women sing hymns, birds call, and the sun rises over the sea. Suddenly, the ship fires its signal cannon, prompting the entire community to rush to the shore. The morning's beauty stands in stark contrast to the sorrow of the farewell.
Foremost among them was Alden. All night he had lain without slumber, / Turning and tossing about in the heat and unrest of his fever.
Editor's note
We focus on John Alden, who has spent the night in turmoil. He saw Standish prepare for battle and leave without any chance for them to make amends. Alden's pride held him back from seeking forgiveness, and now his friend is heading into a situation that could be fatal. This stanza reflects the deep emotional pain of a friendship fractured by a love triangle, with Alden's silence symbolizing a regretful failure he already feels.
There with his boat was the Master, already a little impatient / Lest he should lose the tide, or the wind might shift to the eastward,
Editor's note
The ship's captain is a practical, no-nonsense figure, weighed down with letters and parcels, almost comically busy. Alden stands by the boat with one foot on the gunwale and the other on Plymouth Rock, literally caught between leaving and staying. He wants to board and escape his pain, but then he notices Priscilla watching him with an expression so sad and reproachful that he hesitates and pulls back from the edge.
"Here I remain!" he exclaimed, as he looked at the heavens above him, / Thanking the Lord whose breath had scattered the mist and the madness,
Editor's note
Alden's choice to remain is portrayed as both a personal insight and a divine calling. He acknowledges a cloud that appears to call him to England but ultimately brushes it aside, stating that no land holds as much sanctity as the ground Priscilla walks on. His promise to stay and safeguard her is heartfelt and somewhat dramatic, yet Longfellow intends it earnestly. This moment also holds national significance: Alden's first step on Plymouth Rock symbolizes a lasting commitment to the New World.
Meanwhile the Master alert, but with dignified air and important, / Scanning with watchful eye the tide and the wind and the weather,
Editor's note
The captain shakes hands with everyone, hops into his boat, and rows back to the ship, feeling a private sense of relief at leaving behind the sand, sickness, and unyielding religion of the colony. His irreverent remark—"plenty of nothing but Gospel!"—injects a moment of dry humor into the poem before the solemn farewell. The last line here echoes the Bible directly: "not one looked back, who had set his hand to this ploughing," reflecting Luke 9:62.
Soon were heard on board the shouts and songs of the sailors / Heaving the windlass round, and hoisting the ponderous anchor.
Editor's note
The Mayflower lifts its anchor and glides out of the harbor, rounding the Gurnet as it heads into the open Atlantic. The ship is propelled by the wind and the "swelling hearts of the Pilgrims" watching from the shore, creating a clever connection between their physical departure and the emotional journey they are undertaking.
Long in silence they watched the receding sail of the vessel, / Much endeared to them all, as something living and human;
Editor's note
The colonists watch as the ship becomes a small white dot on the horizon. Elder Brewster gathers them for prayer. The waves crash against Plymouth Rock, and the wheat on the hill of the dead seems to sway, while the departing sail resembles a marble gravestone. Any hope of an easy escape is buried with it. A solitary Native American observes from a hill before disappearing, a reminder that this land already belongs to someone else. Alden remains behind, gazing at the water shimmering in the light "like the spirit of God, moving visibly over the waters," a final image inspired by Genesis.
§04Tone & mood
How this poem feels
§05Symbols & metaphors
Symbols & metaphors
- Plymouth Rock
- The rock serves as the connection between the Old World and the New. Alden positions himself with one foot on the rock and the other in the boat, symbolizing his choice between the past and the future. His declaration that his foot will be the first to touch it and the last to depart transforms a mere geological occurrence into a founding myth.
- The Mayflower's sail
- As the ship fades from view, its white sail evokes a marble slab in a graveyard, symbolizing the end of any hope to return. The ship represented safety and home; seeing it leave feels like watching that door close for good.
- The cloud beckoning over the ocean
- Alden spots a white cloud shaped like a hand pointing back toward England. It symbolizes the allure of the familiar, the comfort it brings, and the desire to flee from pain. However, he chooses to focus on the real hand—Priscilla's—that keeps him anchored to the shore.
- The signal cannon's smoke
- The puff of smoke from the Mayflower's side marks the moment everything comes to life. It sparks the community's rush to the shore, creating the emotional peak of the canto. As the smoke drifts toward the sea, it reflects the ship, which will soon disappear in the same direction.
- The vanishing Indian on the hill
- The quiet, vanishing Native American figure at the end serves as a haunting counterpoint to the Pilgrims' founding story. He observes for a moment, then disappears, reminding us that the colonists' "new world" and "cornerstone of a nation" is land that is already home to people and rich history.
- Light on the water
- The final image shows sunlight sparkling on the waves, reminiscent of "the spirit of God, moving visibly over the waters," echoing Genesis 1:2. It presents the colony's survival as a new creation, emphasizing a beginning instead of an ending.
§06Historical context
Historical context
§07FAQ
Questions readers ask
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