The Annotated Edition
CATAWBA WINE by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Longfellow raises a glass to Catawba wine, a grape cultivated along the Ohio River near Cincinnati, claiming it outshines any famous European vintage.
- Themes
- beauty, home, identity
§01Quick summary
What this poem is about
§02Themes
Recurring themes
§03Line by line
Stanza by stanza, with notes
This song of mine / Is a Song of the Vine,
Editor's note
Longfellow begins the poem by presenting it as a fireside drinking song — the sort you might hear at a roadside inn on a chilly, rainy November evening. He establishes a warm, friendly atmosphere immediately, emphasizing that this is a celebration rather than a lecture.
It is not a song / Of the Scuppernong,
Editor's note
He quickly narrows his focus by excluding other American grapes. The Scuppernong, a Southern grape from the Carolinas, is mentioned and then dismissed. This creates suspense as Longfellow teases which wine he truly intends to praise.
Nor the red Mustang, / Whose clusters hang
Editor's note
The Mustang grape can be found growing wild in Texas by the Colorado River. Longfellow paints a colorful, romantic picture of it—describing it as 'purple blood' with 'Spanish bravado'—yet he still keeps it at a distance. This creates a journey through American wine geography that makes the eventual winner feel truly deserved.
For richest and best / Is the wine of the West,
Editor's note
Here’s the reveal: the wine from the West, cultivated by the 'Beautiful River' (the Ohio, close to Cincinnati). Longfellow sings its praises for its aroma and abundance — 'benison' means a blessing, so pouring a glass is an act of kindness.
And as hollow trees / Are the haunts of bees,
Editor's note
A playful simile likens a glass or bottle of Catawba wine to a beehive—buzzing, alive, and brimming with activity. This comparison beautifully conveys the wine's effervescence and liveliness through a delightful and surprising image.
Very good in its way / Is the Verzenay,
Editor's note
Verzenay and Sillery are well-regarded French Champagne villages. Longfellow acknowledges their merits — calling them 'very good in its way' — but goes on to proclaim Catawba as superior. The words 'dulcet, delicious, and dreamy' heap on the accolades in a way that feels almost euphoric.
There grows no vine / By the haunted Rhine,
Editor's note
Longfellow glides over the famous wine rivers of Europe — the Rhine, the Danube, and the Guadalquivir in Spain — and brushes them aside. While the term 'haunted' for the Rhine hints at German Romantic legend, that allure still can't compare to the Ohio grape.
Drugged is their juice / For foreign use,
Editor's note
The tone becomes more intense here. Longfellow calls out European wine exporters for tampering with their product for the transatlantic trade — adding preservatives or spirits to ensure it lasts the journey. This was a real concern in the 19th century, and he leverages it to deliver a patriotic jab.
To the sewers and sinks / With all such drinks,
Editor's note
This stanza of the poem is the most confrontational. The phrase 'Borgia wine' alludes to the infamous Borgia family from the Renaissance, known for their enemies' poisonings. Referring to imported wine as a 'Devil's Elixir' is intentionally exaggerated—Longfellow is playfully engaging with the theatrics of outrage.
While pure as a spring / Is the wine I sing,
Editor's note
The difference from the previous stanza is striking: Catawba wine doesn't require advertising or a tavern-bush (a branch hung outside an inn to indicate wine for sale). Its quality is evident. Longfellow associates purity with authenticity — there are no tricks, no additives, and no hype.
And this Song of the Vine, / This greeting of mine,
Editor's note
The closing stanza sends the poem into the world like a celebratory toast. The 'Queen of the West' refers to Cincinnati, a nickname the city held in the mid-19th century. Longfellow envisions winds and birds transmitting his praise to the city by the Beautiful River — a warm, uplifting conclusion that connects his personal toast to a community celebration.
§04Tone & mood
How this poem feels
§05Symbols & metaphors
Symbols & metaphors
- The Beautiful River
- Longfellow's name for the Ohio River, which runs alongside Cincinnati, symbolizes the American West as a land of natural richness and opportunity — a New World equivalent to the Rhine or the Danube.
- Borgia wine / Devil's Elixir
- These labels for tainted European imports highlight corruption, deceit, and the excesses of the Old World. The Borgias are often associated with poison in popular lore, making this comparison a dramatic way to warn: this stuff is dangerous.
- The beehive
- The image of hollow trees filled with buzzing bees represents the vibrant, natural essence of Catawba wine — reflecting an organic, communal, and industrious spirit rather than something artificial or mass-produced.
- The tavern-bush
- A branch hung outside an inn to promote wine for sale. Longfellow uses this imagery to suggest that Catawba doesn't need marketing — its reputation speaks for itself. It transforms into a symbol of genuine, effortless quality.
- The Queen of the West
- A well-known nickname for Cincinnati from the 19th century. In this context, it represents American civic pride and the vibrant culture of the Midwest, the place Longfellow honors in his song.
§06Historical context
Historical context
§07FAQ
Questions readers ask
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