The Annotated Edition
Catawba Wine by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Longfellow raises a glass to Catawba wine, a grape cultivated along the Ohio River near Cincinnati, claiming it outshines any famous European vintage.
- Core theme
- Beauty
Study actions
§01Quick summary
What this poem is about
§02Themes
Recurring themes
§03Line by line
Stanza by stanza, with notes
This song of mine / Is a Song of the Vine,
Editor's note
Longfellow begins the poem by presenting it as a fireside drinking song — the sort you might hear at a roadside inn on a chilly, rainy November evening. He establishes a warm, friendly atmosphere immediately, emphasizing that this is a celebration rather than a lecture.
It is not a song / Of the Scuppernong,
Editor's note
He quickly narrows his focus by excluding other American grapes. The Scuppernong, a Southern grape from the Carolinas, is mentioned and then dismissed. This creates suspense as Longfellow teases which wine he truly intends to praise.
Nor the red Mustang, / Whose clusters hang
Editor's note
The Mustang grape can be found growing wild in Texas by the Colorado River. Longfellow paints a colorful, romantic picture of it—describing it as 'purple blood' with 'Spanish bravado'—yet he still keeps it at a distance. This creates a journey through American wine geography that makes the eventual winner feel truly deserved.
For richest and best / Is the wine of the West,
Editor's note
Here’s the reveal: the wine from the West, cultivated by the 'Beautiful River' (the Ohio, close to Cincinnati). Longfellow sings its praises for its aroma and abundance — 'benison' means a blessing, so pouring a glass is an act of kindness.
And as hollow trees / Are the haunts of bees,
Editor's note
A playful simile likens a glass or bottle of Catawba wine to a beehive—buzzing, alive, and brimming with activity. This comparison beautifully conveys the wine's effervescence and liveliness through a delightful and surprising image.
Very good in its way / Is the Verzenay,
Editor's note
Verzenay and Sillery are well-regarded French Champagne villages. Longfellow acknowledges their merits — calling them 'very good in its way' — but goes on to proclaim Catawba as superior. The words 'dulcet, delicious, and dreamy' heap on the accolades in a way that feels almost euphoric.
There grows no vine / By the haunted Rhine,
Editor's note
Longfellow glides over the famous wine rivers of Europe — the Rhine, the Danube, and the Guadalquivir in Spain — and brushes them aside. While the term 'haunted' for the Rhine hints at German Romantic legend, that allure still can't compare to the Ohio grape.
Drugged is their juice / For foreign use,
Editor's note
The tone becomes more intense here. Longfellow calls out European wine exporters for tampering with their product for the transatlantic trade — adding preservatives or spirits to ensure it lasts the journey. This was a real concern in the 19th century, and he leverages it to deliver a patriotic jab.
To the sewers and sinks / With all such drinks,
Editor's note
This stanza of the poem is the most confrontational. The phrase 'Borgia wine' alludes to the infamous Borgia family from the Renaissance, known for their enemies' poisonings. Referring to imported wine as a 'Devil's Elixir' is intentionally exaggerated—Longfellow is playfully engaging with the theatrics of outrage.
While pure as a spring / Is the wine I sing,
Editor's note
The difference from the previous stanza is striking: Catawba wine doesn't require advertising or a tavern-bush (a branch hung outside an inn to indicate wine for sale). Its quality is evident. Longfellow associates purity with authenticity — there are no tricks, no additives, and no hype.
And this Song of the Vine, / This greeting of mine,
Editor's note
The closing stanza sends the poem into the world like a celebratory toast. The 'Queen of the West' refers to Cincinnati, a nickname the city held in the mid-19th century. Longfellow envisions winds and birds transmitting his praise to the city by the Beautiful River — a warm, uplifting conclusion that connects his personal toast to a community celebration.
§04Tone & mood
How this poem feels
§05Symbols & metaphors
Symbols & metaphors
- The Beautiful River
- Longfellow's name for the Ohio River, which runs alongside Cincinnati, symbolizes the American West as a land of natural richness and opportunity — a New World equivalent to the Rhine or the Danube.
- Borgia wine / Devil's Elixir
- These labels for tainted European imports highlight corruption, deceit, and the excesses of the Old World. The Borgias are often associated with poison in popular lore, making this comparison a dramatic way to warn: this stuff is dangerous.
- The beehive
- The image of hollow trees filled with buzzing bees represents the vibrant, natural essence of Catawba wine — reflecting an organic, communal, and industrious spirit rather than something artificial or mass-produced.
- The tavern-bush
- A branch hung outside an inn to promote wine for sale. Longfellow uses this imagery to suggest that Catawba doesn't need marketing — its reputation speaks for itself. It transforms into a symbol of genuine, effortless quality.
- The Queen of the West
- A well-known nickname for Cincinnati from the 19th century. In this context, it represents American civic pride and the vibrant culture of the Midwest, the place Longfellow honors in his song.
§06Form & structure
Form & structure
- Meter
- free verse
- Rhyme
- AABCCB AABCCB AABCCB AABCCB AABCCB AABCCB AABCCB AABCCB AABCCB AABCCB AABCCB AABCCB
§07Historical context
Historical context
§08FAQ
Questions readers ask
What is Catawba wine and why did Longfellow write about it?
Catawba is a native American grape variety that was widely grown around Cincinnati in the mid-1800s. Longfellow wrote the poem to honor his friend Nicholas Longworth, who established a successful wine business using this grape. The poem serves as a celebration, an advertisement, and a patriotic declaration.
What is the 'Beautiful River' Longfellow keeps mentioning?
It is the Ohio River. The French called it 'La Belle Rivière' (the Beautiful River), and that name has stuck in popular usage. Cincinnati is located on its northern bank, and the Catawba vineyards that Longfellow admired were in this area.
Who or what is the 'Queen of the West'?
It was a popular nickname for Cincinnati in the 19th century, capturing the city's swift expansion and cultural aspirations. Longfellow dedicates his song to the city at the end of the poem, transforming a drinking song into a toast for the community.
Why does Longfellow call European wine 'Borgia wine'?
The Borgia family from Renaissance Italy is often remembered in popular legends for their penchant for poisoning rivals. Longfellow uses their name as a quick reference to something toxic and corrupt. While he’s exaggerating for comedic effect, there were genuine worries in the 19th century that wines shipped to America were tampered with additives to withstand the lengthy sea journey.
What is a 'tavern-bush' and why does Longfellow mention it?
A tavern-bush refers to a branch or bunch of greenery displayed outside an inn to indicate that wine is for sale — a tradition from Europe. Longfellow suggests that Catawba wine doesn’t need this kind of advertisement because its quality speaks for itself. Essentially, he implies that the wine markets itself.
What is the poem's rhyme scheme and how does it affect the mood?
Each stanza has an AABCCB pattern, featuring short lines with two stresses alternating with longer lines that have three stresses. This lively, song-like rhythm highlights the poem's nature as a drinking song — it's easy to picture it being chanted or sung around a fire, just like the scene Longfellow sets in the opening stanza.
Is this poem serious or is Longfellow joking around?
Both aspects, honestly. There's a real sense of patriotic pride in American wine and landscape, and the tribute to Longworth feels heartfelt. However, the mock-outrage about European imports, the Borgia reference, and the exaggerated praise ('dulcet, delicious, and dreamy') are definitely meant to be playful. Longfellow knew how to enjoy himself, and this poem captures that spirit.
What other grapes does Longfellow mention and why?
He mentions the Scuppernong from the Carolinas, the Isabel and Muscadel garden varieties, and the Mustang from Texas. By exploring American grape varieties and briefly dismissing each one before settling on Catawba, he creates a sense of competition, making his final choice feel like a well-considered tasting. This approach also highlights his understanding of American geography and agriculture.
Citation
Cite this poem
MLA
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. "Catawba Wine." Storgy, https://storgy.com/poems/catawba-wine-henry-wadsworth-longfellow/.
APA
Longfellow, H. W. (n.d.). Catawba wine. Storgy. https://storgy.com/poems/catawba-wine-henry-wadsworth-longfellow/
Row A — Thesis
1 ptIn 'Catawba Wine,' Longfellow employs the ceremonial structure of a toast, complete with ritual dismissals, geographic catalogues, and a closing benediction, to argue that authentic American viticulture is not merely competitive with its …
- Row B — Evidence + Commentary4 pts
- Row C — Sophistication1 pt
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