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The Annotated Edition

O - - O - - O - - O - - O - - O - by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

Summary, meaning, line-by-line analysis & FAQ.

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This is the opening line of Longfellow's epic poem *Evangeline: A Tale of Acadie* (1847), written in dactylic hexameter — the same meter that Homer used in his works.

Core theme
Exile
The PoemFull text

O - - O - - O - - O - - O - - O -

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

This is the forest primeval, the murmuring pines and the hemlocks, "The measure lends itself easily to the lingering melancholy which marks a greater part of the poem." "In reading there should be a gentle labor of the former half of the line and gentle acceleration of the latter half."--_Scudder_. [Illustration: NOVA SCOTIA AND VICINITY.]

Public domain

Sourced from Project Gutenberg

§01Quick summary

What this poem is about

This is the opening line of Longfellow's epic poem *Evangeline: A Tale of Acadie* (1847), written in dactylic hexameter — the same meter that Homer used in his works. The line paints a picture of the ancient forests of Acadia (Nova Scotia), creating an atmosphere filled with profound, mournful beauty. The entire poem narrates the tale of Evangeline, an Acadian woman who is separated from her beloved Gabriel during the British-led expulsion of the Acadians in 1755.

§02Themes

Recurring themes

§03Line by line

Stanza by stanza, with notes

  1. This is the forest primeval, the murmuring pines and the hemlocks,

    Editor's note

    This single opening line is the only surviving excerpt we have. It acts as an invocation—a grand, slow announcement of a location. "Forest primeval" suggests something ancient and untouched by humanity. The pines and hemlocks aren’t just trees; they’re like witnesses, nearly characters, that have endured centuries of human joy and suffering. The dactylic hexameter rhythm (long-short-short, repeated) echoes the sound of waves or wind rustling through branches, drawing the reader into a trance-like, reflective state before the story even starts.

§04Tone & mood

How this poem feels

Solemn and incantatory. The line feels like the start of a ritual or a lament—slow, dignified, and heavy with a sense of loss that remains unspoken. There’s a sense of grandeur here, but it’s the grandeur of something that can never be reclaimed.

§05Symbols & metaphors

Symbols & metaphors

The forest primeval
The ancient, untouched forest represents a world that existed before colonization and displacement disrupted it. It is Eden before the fall — a place of original wholeness that the rest of the poem laments.
Pines and hemlocks
These particular evergreen trees, dark and resilient, symbolize both mourning and endurance. They continue to stand tall even after the human community they once sheltered has been destroyed and dispersed.
Dactylic hexameter rhythm
The meter itself symbolizes the structure of Homer's *Iliad* and *Odyssey*, intentionally connecting to the tradition of epic poetry that tells the stories of displaced peoples and their long, arduous journeys back home.

§06Historical context

Historical context

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow released *Evangeline: A Tale of Acadie* in 1847, establishing it as one of the first significant American epic poems. The work draws inspiration from the real historical event known as the Great Expulsion (Le Grand Dérangement) of 1755, during which British colonial forces forcibly removed around 10,000 French-speaking Acadian settlers from what is now Nova Scotia, Canada. Longfellow opted for dactylic hexameter—the same meter used by Homer and Virgil—to lend the narrative the grandeur and seriousness of ancient epics. The poem quickly became a sensation, playing a crucial role in shaping American understanding of the Acadian tragedy. As a Harvard professor and the most widely read American poet of the nineteenth century, Longfellow solidified his reputation with *Evangeline* as a poet capable of tackling significant historical and emotional themes.

§07FAQ

Questions readers ask

"Primeval" refers to something that has existed since the very start — ancient, original, and untouched. This term quickly conveys that this forest has stood long before any human events and will continue to endure long after. It establishes the poem's main contrast between the enduring nature of the environment and the vulnerability of human societies.

Citation

Cite this poem

MLA

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. "O - - O - - O - - O - - O - - O -." Storgy, https://storgy.com/poems/o-o-o-o-o-o-henry-wadsworth-longfellow/.

APA

Longfellow, H. W. (n.d.). O - - o - - o - - o - - o - - o -. Storgy. https://storgy.com/poems/o-o-o-o-o-o-henry-wadsworth-longfellow/

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